Summary (theory) electricity, electronics, and photonics
Electricity :
Timeline atom representa2on à 400 BC (the shape of atoms explain behavior of elements), 1803-John Dalton (indivisible
sphere-false), 1897-J.J. Thomson (nega2ve and posi2ve charges), 1909-Rutherford (Posi2ve in center, nega2ve charges orbi2ng
around), 1913-Niels Bolur (electrons are restricted to certain orbits), 1926 to today-Schrodinger (link with probability)
Electrons
Par2cles à Electrons, protons à Atoms à Molecules
àElectrons and protons are in equilibrium (same number)
Photons Technologic 2meline à Transforming material – transforming energy – transforming informa2on
and
protons à Tools (stone, bronze, iron) – power (water, steam, electric, combus2on) – compu2ng/storing info
Industrial age (1840-…) à Transmission of power
à lightbulb (wire heats up bc of tension, electrons get excited and move to outer orbit, then move back
and and release photons (light)
Informa2on age (1971-…) à Transmission of informa2on à from electrons to light (photons)
The physics of electron flow à electric cable: cable jacket for protec2on, 3 wires with each a wire
bxeyuoeyxb insula2on for protec2on.
Electron flow in copper wires à Electrons move from – to + and current in opposite direc2on from + to -
Bohr’s model of copper atom à 29 protons (+) in centre, 1st shell (2 e-), 2nd shell (8 e-), 3rd shell (18 e-), valance shell (1 free e-)
Resistance depends on reses2vity of material à Less reisi2vity be`er bc less loss & be`er flow of electricity (link w temperature)
à copper has 2nd lowest reisi2vity (electric cables), rubber has high resisi2vity (protect against electrocu2on)
Speed of electrons à slow drib speed (smaller diameter of wire drib speed) (0.000002m/s), fast thermal velocity (they move
fast in cable)(1 570 000m/s), and signal velocity (reac2on 2me of electron coming out) (near lightspeed, 300 000 000m/s)
Alterna2ng current (changing direc2on of current) vs. Direct current (current in only one direc2on)
Dynamo machine à invented by Gramme, produces a very smooth (con2nuos) direct current at high
voltage à Before they used piles (Zinc,Rondelle,Cuivre)
Carbon arc lamp (DC) à lightning between two rods, they heat up, atoms vaporize and create light
Four fundamental states of ma`er: SOLID à (Mel2ng)à LIQUID à (Vaporiza2on) à GAS à (Ioniza2on) à PLASMA
ß (Freezing) ß ß (Condensa2on) ß ß (Deioniza2on) ß
DC Difference DC and AC à DC = a looped con2nuous chain mo2on (like an electrical saw), AC = back and fort
alterna2ng blade mo2on (like a simple saw)
Analogy between hydraulic and electric power à pipe clogged with hair, you need higher pressure ( like pushing
AC electric current through a resistance)
Ampere meter à measures current intensity (the ammeter is part of the circuit (current goes through), but has 0
resistance)
Voltmeter à mesures tension, poten2al electromo2ve force, is put outside of circuit (current doesn’t go through), ∞ resistance
Voltage (ΔV) à is a difference of poten2al electromo2ve forces
1
, Summary (theory) electricity, electronics, and photonics
The energy is the integral of power over 2me à Knowing only the voltage of a power supply won’t tell you anything about the
total amount of energy that it can supply (or has supplied) — you need intensity and 2me.
à For example, if you have 220 Volts of tension (voltage) and 10 Amperes of intensity (current), you withdraw 2200 Wa`s of
instantaneous power à Withdraw this power level for 60 seconds, and the electric circuit will have dissipated 36Wh =132.000
Joules of energy. Energy = Power x Time, in Joules.
Lamps in parallel: Total R ↘ because two ways the flow can go
Lamps in series: they won’t perform at their promissed Wa` (because they share voltage)
Electric circuits à In DC: only resistors are used, in
AC: resistors, capacitors and inductors used.
Passive circuit elements à
Resistors and color codes à 1st color (gold or silver; tolerance), 2nd color (mul2plier), 3rd color (Second digt), 4th color (fisrt digit)
Nodes, branches and loops in circuit :
Two important proper2es of circuits :
à The current flow of electric charges never leaks
à The voltage differences along a loop cancel out (sum af all V of a loop = 0)
Electric capacitors (like a ba`ery)à Two
conduc2ve plates separated by a dielectric
Electric capacitance of a capacitor (C)à the
ra2o of a change in electric charge of a
system, to the corresponding change in ts
electric poten2al (in Farads (F))
Capacitors charge and discharge over 2me
(rising voltage un2l full, then drop in
voltage un2l fully discharged)
Resistors follow the current flow in AC circuits while capacitors damp the current flow in AC
circuits à
Capacitors Point a,c – discharged ba`ery
Resistors
Modern design (lithium-ion ba`eries – john
Goodenough) à
ba`eries store
energy (power x
2me) Lithium-ion rechargeable
ba`eries (capacitors)
2
Electricity :
Timeline atom representa2on à 400 BC (the shape of atoms explain behavior of elements), 1803-John Dalton (indivisible
sphere-false), 1897-J.J. Thomson (nega2ve and posi2ve charges), 1909-Rutherford (Posi2ve in center, nega2ve charges orbi2ng
around), 1913-Niels Bolur (electrons are restricted to certain orbits), 1926 to today-Schrodinger (link with probability)
Electrons
Par2cles à Electrons, protons à Atoms à Molecules
àElectrons and protons are in equilibrium (same number)
Photons Technologic 2meline à Transforming material – transforming energy – transforming informa2on
and
protons à Tools (stone, bronze, iron) – power (water, steam, electric, combus2on) – compu2ng/storing info
Industrial age (1840-…) à Transmission of power
à lightbulb (wire heats up bc of tension, electrons get excited and move to outer orbit, then move back
and and release photons (light)
Informa2on age (1971-…) à Transmission of informa2on à from electrons to light (photons)
The physics of electron flow à electric cable: cable jacket for protec2on, 3 wires with each a wire
bxeyuoeyxb insula2on for protec2on.
Electron flow in copper wires à Electrons move from – to + and current in opposite direc2on from + to -
Bohr’s model of copper atom à 29 protons (+) in centre, 1st shell (2 e-), 2nd shell (8 e-), 3rd shell (18 e-), valance shell (1 free e-)
Resistance depends on reses2vity of material à Less reisi2vity be`er bc less loss & be`er flow of electricity (link w temperature)
à copper has 2nd lowest reisi2vity (electric cables), rubber has high resisi2vity (protect against electrocu2on)
Speed of electrons à slow drib speed (smaller diameter of wire drib speed) (0.000002m/s), fast thermal velocity (they move
fast in cable)(1 570 000m/s), and signal velocity (reac2on 2me of electron coming out) (near lightspeed, 300 000 000m/s)
Alterna2ng current (changing direc2on of current) vs. Direct current (current in only one direc2on)
Dynamo machine à invented by Gramme, produces a very smooth (con2nuos) direct current at high
voltage à Before they used piles (Zinc,Rondelle,Cuivre)
Carbon arc lamp (DC) à lightning between two rods, they heat up, atoms vaporize and create light
Four fundamental states of ma`er: SOLID à (Mel2ng)à LIQUID à (Vaporiza2on) à GAS à (Ioniza2on) à PLASMA
ß (Freezing) ß ß (Condensa2on) ß ß (Deioniza2on) ß
DC Difference DC and AC à DC = a looped con2nuous chain mo2on (like an electrical saw), AC = back and fort
alterna2ng blade mo2on (like a simple saw)
Analogy between hydraulic and electric power à pipe clogged with hair, you need higher pressure ( like pushing
AC electric current through a resistance)
Ampere meter à measures current intensity (the ammeter is part of the circuit (current goes through), but has 0
resistance)
Voltmeter à mesures tension, poten2al electromo2ve force, is put outside of circuit (current doesn’t go through), ∞ resistance
Voltage (ΔV) à is a difference of poten2al electromo2ve forces
1
, Summary (theory) electricity, electronics, and photonics
The energy is the integral of power over 2me à Knowing only the voltage of a power supply won’t tell you anything about the
total amount of energy that it can supply (or has supplied) — you need intensity and 2me.
à For example, if you have 220 Volts of tension (voltage) and 10 Amperes of intensity (current), you withdraw 2200 Wa`s of
instantaneous power à Withdraw this power level for 60 seconds, and the electric circuit will have dissipated 36Wh =132.000
Joules of energy. Energy = Power x Time, in Joules.
Lamps in parallel: Total R ↘ because two ways the flow can go
Lamps in series: they won’t perform at their promissed Wa` (because they share voltage)
Electric circuits à In DC: only resistors are used, in
AC: resistors, capacitors and inductors used.
Passive circuit elements à
Resistors and color codes à 1st color (gold or silver; tolerance), 2nd color (mul2plier), 3rd color (Second digt), 4th color (fisrt digit)
Nodes, branches and loops in circuit :
Two important proper2es of circuits :
à The current flow of electric charges never leaks
à The voltage differences along a loop cancel out (sum af all V of a loop = 0)
Electric capacitors (like a ba`ery)à Two
conduc2ve plates separated by a dielectric
Electric capacitance of a capacitor (C)à the
ra2o of a change in electric charge of a
system, to the corresponding change in ts
electric poten2al (in Farads (F))
Capacitors charge and discharge over 2me
(rising voltage un2l full, then drop in
voltage un2l fully discharged)
Resistors follow the current flow in AC circuits while capacitors damp the current flow in AC
circuits à
Capacitors Point a,c – discharged ba`ery
Resistors
Modern design (lithium-ion ba`eries – john
Goodenough) à
ba`eries store
energy (power x
2me) Lithium-ion rechargeable
ba`eries (capacitors)
2
