CTT Final Exam Questions with Verified Answers Latest Update 2025
Minority stages of development - Answers - conformity (individuals internalize racism and choose
values, lifestyles, and role models from the dominant group)
-dissonance (individuals begin to question and suspect the dominant group's cultural values)
-resistance immersion (individuals endorse minority-held views and reject dominant cultures values)
-introspection (individuals establish their racial identity without following all cultural norms, beginning
to question how certain values fit with their personal identity)
-synergistic (individuals experience a sense of fulfillment towards their racial-ethnic-cultural identity
without having to categorically accept their minority group's values)
conformity (multicultural) - Answers individuals internalize racism and choose values, lifestyles, and role
models from the dominant group - first stage of minority development
dissonance (multicultural) - Answers individuals begin to question and suspect the dominant group's
cultural values - second stage of minority development
resistance immersion (multicultural) - Answers individuals endorse minority-held views and reject the
dominant culture's values - third stage of minority development
introspection (multicultural) - Answers individuals establish their racial ethnic identity without following
all cultural norms, beginning to question how certain values fit with their personal identity - fourth stage
of minority development
synergistic (multicultural) - Answers individuals experience a sense of self-fulfillment toward their racial-
ethnic-cultural identity without having to categorically accept their minority group's values - fifth stage
of minority development
What is SFBT? - Answers Solution-focused brief therapy
Who invented solution-focused brief therapy? - Answers Insoo Kim-Berg and Steve Deshazer
What are the two key concepts (questions) of solution focused brief therapy? - Answers 1. Miracle
question (what are your best hopes? If you could wave a magic wand, what would be the outcome?)
2. Exception question (can you think of a time when this belief/thought/idea/value didn't apply?)
What is narrative therapy? - Answers narrative/story-focused and social justice focused therapy that
views the problem as separate from the person. Thick and thin narratives are a key concept of narrative
therapy.
, What is a thin narrative and what therapy modality does it apply to? - Answers A thin narrative is a
narrative/story that lacks proper detail, not well-rounded, was likely created by others, and tends to be
pathologizing. Thin narratives are what have already been established in a person's mind. Applies to
narrative therapy.
What is a thick narrative and what therapy modality does it apply to? - Answers A thick narrative is a
story that is more well-rounded and has been co-created with the client and therapy. Tells an alternative
story to the thin narrative. Applies to narrative therapy.
What is AEDP? - Answers Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy
What is DBT? - Answers Dialectical behavior therapy
What are the key concepts of dialectical behavior therapy - Answers -Radical acceptance
-mindfulness
-distress tolerance
-emotion regulation
-interpersonal effectiveness
Who came up with dialectical behavior therapy? - Answers Marsha Linehan
What was the first (famous) expirement that was foundation of behavior therapy? - Answers Pavlov's
classical conditioning experiment (the dogs and the bells)
What is classical conditioning? - Answers a type of learning where an organism learns to associate a
neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus, resulting in a conditioned response to the
previously neutral stimulus
What is operant conditioning? - Answers Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behaviors are
modified by their consequences, meaning that actions which are followed by positive outcomes are
more likely to be repeated, while actions with negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated;
essentially, learning through rewards and punishments
What was a skinner box and what was the result? - Answers The Skinner box was invented by B.F.
Skinner and it was an experiment around teaching mice punishment vs. reward (aka operant
conditioning) by administering treats or painful shocks to the mice when they pulled a lever
Who invented CT and CBT - Answers Beck and Ellis
What is the time frame of Post-Modern/feminist/multicultural theories? - Answers 1980's to present
What is the time frame of Behavior therapy? - Answers Early 1900's (1920's ish) to present or until
around the 1950's when Humanistic/Existential was introduced
Minority stages of development - Answers - conformity (individuals internalize racism and choose
values, lifestyles, and role models from the dominant group)
-dissonance (individuals begin to question and suspect the dominant group's cultural values)
-resistance immersion (individuals endorse minority-held views and reject dominant cultures values)
-introspection (individuals establish their racial identity without following all cultural norms, beginning
to question how certain values fit with their personal identity)
-synergistic (individuals experience a sense of fulfillment towards their racial-ethnic-cultural identity
without having to categorically accept their minority group's values)
conformity (multicultural) - Answers individuals internalize racism and choose values, lifestyles, and role
models from the dominant group - first stage of minority development
dissonance (multicultural) - Answers individuals begin to question and suspect the dominant group's
cultural values - second stage of minority development
resistance immersion (multicultural) - Answers individuals endorse minority-held views and reject the
dominant culture's values - third stage of minority development
introspection (multicultural) - Answers individuals establish their racial ethnic identity without following
all cultural norms, beginning to question how certain values fit with their personal identity - fourth stage
of minority development
synergistic (multicultural) - Answers individuals experience a sense of self-fulfillment toward their racial-
ethnic-cultural identity without having to categorically accept their minority group's values - fifth stage
of minority development
What is SFBT? - Answers Solution-focused brief therapy
Who invented solution-focused brief therapy? - Answers Insoo Kim-Berg and Steve Deshazer
What are the two key concepts (questions) of solution focused brief therapy? - Answers 1. Miracle
question (what are your best hopes? If you could wave a magic wand, what would be the outcome?)
2. Exception question (can you think of a time when this belief/thought/idea/value didn't apply?)
What is narrative therapy? - Answers narrative/story-focused and social justice focused therapy that
views the problem as separate from the person. Thick and thin narratives are a key concept of narrative
therapy.
, What is a thin narrative and what therapy modality does it apply to? - Answers A thin narrative is a
narrative/story that lacks proper detail, not well-rounded, was likely created by others, and tends to be
pathologizing. Thin narratives are what have already been established in a person's mind. Applies to
narrative therapy.
What is a thick narrative and what therapy modality does it apply to? - Answers A thick narrative is a
story that is more well-rounded and has been co-created with the client and therapy. Tells an alternative
story to the thin narrative. Applies to narrative therapy.
What is AEDP? - Answers Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy
What is DBT? - Answers Dialectical behavior therapy
What are the key concepts of dialectical behavior therapy - Answers -Radical acceptance
-mindfulness
-distress tolerance
-emotion regulation
-interpersonal effectiveness
Who came up with dialectical behavior therapy? - Answers Marsha Linehan
What was the first (famous) expirement that was foundation of behavior therapy? - Answers Pavlov's
classical conditioning experiment (the dogs and the bells)
What is classical conditioning? - Answers a type of learning where an organism learns to associate a
neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus, resulting in a conditioned response to the
previously neutral stimulus
What is operant conditioning? - Answers Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behaviors are
modified by their consequences, meaning that actions which are followed by positive outcomes are
more likely to be repeated, while actions with negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated;
essentially, learning through rewards and punishments
What was a skinner box and what was the result? - Answers The Skinner box was invented by B.F.
Skinner and it was an experiment around teaching mice punishment vs. reward (aka operant
conditioning) by administering treats or painful shocks to the mice when they pulled a lever
Who invented CT and CBT - Answers Beck and Ellis
What is the time frame of Post-Modern/feminist/multicultural theories? - Answers 1980's to present
What is the time frame of Behavior therapy? - Answers Early 1900's (1920's ish) to present or until
around the 1950's when Humanistic/Existential was introduced
