PATH 1016 EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% VERIFIED!!
List the stages in acute inflammation
-Vascular
-Margination and adhesion
-Transmigration
-Chemotaxis
-Activation and phagocytosis
Vascular phase of inflammation
-Vasoconstriction then followed by vasodilation increases blood flow to the site of injury
inducing redness and heat
-Vascular permeability increases and increase in exudate in extracellular space;
capillaries become more permeable and allow exudate to escape into tissues leading to
swelling, pain, loss of function
-Stagnation of flow in vessels, blood clotting
Margination and adhesion
-Leukocytes concentrated along endothelium wall -- together they define a definite
inflammatory event and ensure secure adhesion and arrest of leukocytes along the
endothelium
-Leukocytes slow their migration and adhere tightly to the endothelium and move along
the periphery of the blood vessels
Transmigration
-Leukocytes transmigrate through vessel wall into tissue
-Adhesion causes the endothelial cells to separate, allowing leukocytes to extend
pseudopodia and transmigrate through the vessel wall and then under the influence of
chemotactic factors, migrate into the tissue spaces
,Activation and phagocytosis
-Monocytes, neutrophils, and tissue macrophages are activated to engulf bacteria and
cellular debris
-Recognition and adherence (opsonization)
-Engulfment (phagosome)
-Intracellular killing (lysosome)
Chemotaxis
-Brings leukocytes to site of injury (think of taxi - it takes a chemical taxi to the site)
-Process of directing cell migration
-When leukocytes exit the capillary, they wander through the tissue guided by a gradient
of secreted chemo-attractants such as chemokines, bacterial and cellular debris...
List the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation
-Redness
-Swelling
-Heat
-Pain
-Loss of function
Identify the pathophysiology that causes redness and heat
-Caused by increased blood flow to the site of injury
-Vasodilation
-Vascular phase of inflammation
,Identify the pathophysiology that causes pain, swelling, and loss of function
-Capillaries at site of injury become more permeable
-A lot of exudates at site of injury cause by inflammatory response escape into the tissue
-Inflammatory mediators that came to the site of injury to heal it and it will try to stop
blood flow (clotting)
-Vascular phase of inflammation
Acute inflammation
-Immediate reaction of local tissues and blood vessels to injury
-Triggers: infection, immune reactions, blunt and penetrating trauma, physical/chemical
agents, tissue necrosis
-Short duration
Chronic inflammation
-Weeks to years
-Recurrent or progressive
-Infiltration of monocytes that have become macrophages and lymphocytes - long lived
into the tissue contributing to the continuous inflammation
-Proliferation of blood vessels - angiogenesis
-Tissue necrosis, fibrosis = scarring
-Persistent infections, irritants, viruses, diseases (inappropriate activation of immune
system)
What are the stages of tissue repair?
, -Angiogenesis
-Fibroblasts and extracellular matrix
-Maturation of fibrous tissue
Angiogenesis in tissue repair
-Formation of new capillaries (purpose is to supply blood to the site of injury)
-Vasodilation occurs and increases permeability to the area
-Endothelial cell migration travel to the site of injury and begin to proliferate (begin to
seal the break in tissue)
-Area is red and moist from capillary formation
Fibroblasts and extracellular matrix in tissue repair
-Scar formation
-Fibroblasts and extracellular matrix form a mesh over the site of injury attracts different
growth factors to help with healing
-Collagen synthesis - contributes to the structure
-More mature - becoming that pinky colour (forming scar)
Maturation of fibrous tissue
-Scar tissue is becoming more formed
-Decrease in collagen synthesis
-7 days to several months for full scar development
What are the components of the pathophysiology framework?
List the stages in acute inflammation
-Vascular
-Margination and adhesion
-Transmigration
-Chemotaxis
-Activation and phagocytosis
Vascular phase of inflammation
-Vasoconstriction then followed by vasodilation increases blood flow to the site of injury
inducing redness and heat
-Vascular permeability increases and increase in exudate in extracellular space;
capillaries become more permeable and allow exudate to escape into tissues leading to
swelling, pain, loss of function
-Stagnation of flow in vessels, blood clotting
Margination and adhesion
-Leukocytes concentrated along endothelium wall -- together they define a definite
inflammatory event and ensure secure adhesion and arrest of leukocytes along the
endothelium
-Leukocytes slow their migration and adhere tightly to the endothelium and move along
the periphery of the blood vessels
Transmigration
-Leukocytes transmigrate through vessel wall into tissue
-Adhesion causes the endothelial cells to separate, allowing leukocytes to extend
pseudopodia and transmigrate through the vessel wall and then under the influence of
chemotactic factors, migrate into the tissue spaces
,Activation and phagocytosis
-Monocytes, neutrophils, and tissue macrophages are activated to engulf bacteria and
cellular debris
-Recognition and adherence (opsonization)
-Engulfment (phagosome)
-Intracellular killing (lysosome)
Chemotaxis
-Brings leukocytes to site of injury (think of taxi - it takes a chemical taxi to the site)
-Process of directing cell migration
-When leukocytes exit the capillary, they wander through the tissue guided by a gradient
of secreted chemo-attractants such as chemokines, bacterial and cellular debris...
List the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation
-Redness
-Swelling
-Heat
-Pain
-Loss of function
Identify the pathophysiology that causes redness and heat
-Caused by increased blood flow to the site of injury
-Vasodilation
-Vascular phase of inflammation
,Identify the pathophysiology that causes pain, swelling, and loss of function
-Capillaries at site of injury become more permeable
-A lot of exudates at site of injury cause by inflammatory response escape into the tissue
-Inflammatory mediators that came to the site of injury to heal it and it will try to stop
blood flow (clotting)
-Vascular phase of inflammation
Acute inflammation
-Immediate reaction of local tissues and blood vessels to injury
-Triggers: infection, immune reactions, blunt and penetrating trauma, physical/chemical
agents, tissue necrosis
-Short duration
Chronic inflammation
-Weeks to years
-Recurrent or progressive
-Infiltration of monocytes that have become macrophages and lymphocytes - long lived
into the tissue contributing to the continuous inflammation
-Proliferation of blood vessels - angiogenesis
-Tissue necrosis, fibrosis = scarring
-Persistent infections, irritants, viruses, diseases (inappropriate activation of immune
system)
What are the stages of tissue repair?
, -Angiogenesis
-Fibroblasts and extracellular matrix
-Maturation of fibrous tissue
Angiogenesis in tissue repair
-Formation of new capillaries (purpose is to supply blood to the site of injury)
-Vasodilation occurs and increases permeability to the area
-Endothelial cell migration travel to the site of injury and begin to proliferate (begin to
seal the break in tissue)
-Area is red and moist from capillary formation
Fibroblasts and extracellular matrix in tissue repair
-Scar formation
-Fibroblasts and extracellular matrix form a mesh over the site of injury attracts different
growth factors to help with healing
-Collagen synthesis - contributes to the structure
-More mature - becoming that pinky colour (forming scar)
Maturation of fibrous tissue
-Scar tissue is becoming more formed
-Decrease in collagen synthesis
-7 days to several months for full scar development
What are the components of the pathophysiology framework?
