PGDL Contract A - Caselaw and relevant
statutes 2024/2025 Exam Questions and
Corresponding Answers with Surety of
100% Pass Mark
Storer v Manchester City Council - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance, an
offeror must show an intention to be legally bound; this intention is decided by
an objective test, 'I will send you the agreement'
Gibson v Manchester City Council - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance, offers
must be clear and certain, tenant received a letter saying 'may be prepared to
sell' but was not able to purchase his house
Partridge v Crittenden - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance, advertisements are
invitations to treat
Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance, a binding
contract is formed when the offeror issues an unilateral offer with a clear
prescribed act, and when they display a clear intent to be bound; the need for
communication of acceptance by the offeree to the offeror with unilateral offers
is waived, unilateral offer with influenza smoke balls
Page 1 of 26
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Fisher v Bell - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance, price-marked goods
displayed in a shop window are not an offer for sale but an invitation to treat
Spencer v Harding - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance, invitations to tender
are generally invitations to treat
Harvela Investments v Royal Trust Co of Canada - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and
acceptance, if an invitation to tender expressly contains an undertaking to
accept the highest or lowest bid, it is an offer not an invitation to treat
Blackpool & Fylde Aero Club v Blackpool Borough Council - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer
and acceptance, an invitation to tender contractually obliges the invitor to
consider tenders where the tenders were solicited by specified parties known to
the requesting party; there was an absolute deadline for submission; the party
requesting tenders had laid down absolute conditions for submission
Payne v Cave - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance, the auctioneer's request for
bids is an invitation to treat; the offeror may revoke his offer any time before
acceptance
Warlow v Harrison - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance, if there is no 'reserve
price' in an auction, the auctioneer may be sued for breach of contract if he
refuses to sell to the highest bona fide bidder (ober)
Page 2 of 26
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Hyde v Wrench - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance, a counter offer
terminates the original offer; acceptance must be unqualified and correspond
exactly with the terms of the original offer (the mirror image rule)
Stevenson, Jacques & Co v McLean - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance,
questions or requests for clarifications concerning an offer are requests for
further information and do not nullify the original offer
Financings v Stimson - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance, failure by the
offeree to fulfil the condition (express or implied, set by offeror) will prevent
acceptance. There was an implied condition that the car would be in the same
condition at the time of acceptance as at the time of the offer.
Dickinson v Dodds - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance, if the offeror agrees to
keep the offer open for a stipulated period, he is not bound by this unless the
offeree gives something of value in return
Great Northern Railway Company v Witham - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and
acceptance, unilateral offers may be revoked at any time prior to the
completion of the required act
Page 3 of 26
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
statutes 2024/2025 Exam Questions and
Corresponding Answers with Surety of
100% Pass Mark
Storer v Manchester City Council - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance, an
offeror must show an intention to be legally bound; this intention is decided by
an objective test, 'I will send you the agreement'
Gibson v Manchester City Council - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance, offers
must be clear and certain, tenant received a letter saying 'may be prepared to
sell' but was not able to purchase his house
Partridge v Crittenden - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance, advertisements are
invitations to treat
Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance, a binding
contract is formed when the offeror issues an unilateral offer with a clear
prescribed act, and when they display a clear intent to be bound; the need for
communication of acceptance by the offeree to the offeror with unilateral offers
is waived, unilateral offer with influenza smoke balls
Page 1 of 26
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Fisher v Bell - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance, price-marked goods
displayed in a shop window are not an offer for sale but an invitation to treat
Spencer v Harding - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance, invitations to tender
are generally invitations to treat
Harvela Investments v Royal Trust Co of Canada - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and
acceptance, if an invitation to tender expressly contains an undertaking to
accept the highest or lowest bid, it is an offer not an invitation to treat
Blackpool & Fylde Aero Club v Blackpool Borough Council - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer
and acceptance, an invitation to tender contractually obliges the invitor to
consider tenders where the tenders were solicited by specified parties known to
the requesting party; there was an absolute deadline for submission; the party
requesting tenders had laid down absolute conditions for submission
Payne v Cave - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance, the auctioneer's request for
bids is an invitation to treat; the offeror may revoke his offer any time before
acceptance
Warlow v Harrison - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance, if there is no 'reserve
price' in an auction, the auctioneer may be sued for breach of contract if he
refuses to sell to the highest bona fide bidder (ober)
Page 2 of 26
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Hyde v Wrench - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance, a counter offer
terminates the original offer; acceptance must be unqualified and correspond
exactly with the terms of the original offer (the mirror image rule)
Stevenson, Jacques & Co v McLean - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance,
questions or requests for clarifications concerning an offer are requests for
further information and do not nullify the original offer
Financings v Stimson - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance, failure by the
offeree to fulfil the condition (express or implied, set by offeror) will prevent
acceptance. There was an implied condition that the car would be in the same
condition at the time of acceptance as at the time of the offer.
Dickinson v Dodds - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and acceptance, if the offeror agrees to
keep the offer open for a stipulated period, he is not bound by this unless the
offeree gives something of value in return
Great Northern Railway Company v Witham - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Offer and
acceptance, unilateral offers may be revoked at any time prior to the
completion of the required act
Page 3 of 26
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
