SOLUTION MANUAL FOR
STATISTICS FOR
NURSING RESEARCH A
WORKBOOK FOR
EVIDENCE-BASED
PRACTICE 3RD EDITION
SUSAN GROVE DAISHA
,Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
Measurement: Nominal, 1
The Questions Are In Bold Followed By Answers.
1. In Table 1, Identify The Level Of Measurement For The Current Therapy Variable.
Provide A Rationale For Your Answer.
Answer: The Current Therapy Variable Was Measured At The Nominal Level. These Drug
Categories Were Probably Developed To Be Exhaustive For This Study And Included The
Categories Of Drugs The Subjects Were Receiving. However, The Categories Are Not Exclusive,
Since Patients Are Usually On More Than One Category Of These Drugs To Manage Their
Health Problems. The Current Therapies Are Not Measured At The Ordinal Level Because They
Cannot Be Rank Ordered, Since No Drug Category Can Be Considered More Or Less Beneficial
Than Another Drug Category (See Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
2. What Is The Mode For The Current Therapy Variable In This Study? Provide A
Rationale For Your Answer.
Answer: The Mode For Current Therapy Was Β Blocker. A Total Of 100 (94%) Of The Cardiac Patients
Were Receiving This Category Of Drug, Which Was The Most Common Prescribed Drug For
This Sample.
3. What Statistics Were Conducted To Describe The BMI Of The Cardiac Patients In This
Sample? Discuss Whether These Analysis Techniques Were Appropriate Or
Inappropriate.
Answer: BMI Was Described With A Mean And Standard Deviation (SD). BMI Measurement
Resulted In Ratio-Level Data With Continuous Values And An Absolute Zero (Stone & Frazier,
2017). Ratio- Level Data Should Be Analyzed With Parametric Statistics Such As The Mean And
SD (Grove & Gray, 2017; Knapp, 2017).
4. Researchers Used The Following Item To Measure Registered Nurses’ (Rns) Income In A
Study: What Category Identifies Your Current Income As An RN?
a. Less Than $50,000
b. $50,000 To 59,999
c. $60,000 To 69,999
d. $70,000 To 80,000
e. $80,000 Or Greater
What Level Of Measurement Is This Income Variable? Does The Income Variable Follow
The Rules Outlined In Figure 1-1? Provide A Rationale For Your Answer.
Answer: In This Example, The Income Variable Is Measured At The Ordinal Level. The Income
Catego- Ries Are Exhaustive, Ranging From Less Than $50,000 To Greater Than $80,000. The
Two Open-Ended
AG 1-1
,AG 1-2 Answer Guidelines For Questions To Be Graded
Categories Ensure That All Salary Levels Are Covered. The Categories Are Not Exclusive, Since
Catego- Ries (D) And (E) Include An $80,000 Salary, So Study Participants Making $80,000
Might Mark Either (D) Or (E) Or Both Categories, Resulting In Erroneous Data. Category (E)
Could Be Changed To Greater Than $80,000, Making The Categories Exclusive. The Categories
Can Be Rank Ordered From The Lowest Salary To The Highest Salary, Which Is Consistent
With Ordinal Data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz Et Al., 2017).
5. What Level Of Measurement Is The CDS Score? Provide A Rationale For Your Answer.
Answer: The CDS Score Is At The Interval Level Of Measurement. The CDS Is A 26-Item Likert
Scale Developed To Measure Depression In Cardiac Patients. Study Participants Rated Their
Symp- Toms On A Scale Of 1 To 7, With Higher Numbers Indicating Increased Severity In The
Depression Symptoms. The Total Scores For Each Subject Obtained From This Multi-Item Scale
Are Considered To Be At The Interval Level Of Measurement (Gray Et Al., 2017; Waltz Et Al.,
2017).
5. Were Nonparametric Or Parametric Analysis Techniques Used To Analyze The CDS Scores
For The Cardiac Patients In This Study? Provide A Rationale For Your Answer.
Answer: Parametric Statistics, Such As Mean And SD, Were Conducted To Describe CDS Scores
For Study Participants (See Table 1). CDS Scores Are Interval-Level Data As Indicated In
Questions 5, So Parametric Statistics Are Appropriate For This Level Of Data (Gray Et Al., 2017;
Kim & Mallory, 2017).
7. Is The Prevalence Of Depression Linked To The NYHA Class? Discuss The Clinical
Importance Of This Result.
Answer: The Study Narrative Indicated That The Prevalence Of Depression Increased With The
Greater NYHA Class. In NYHA Class III, 64% Of The Subjects Were Depressed, Whereas 11%
Of The Subjects Were Depressed In NYHA Class I. Thus, As The NYHA Class Increased, The
Number Of Sub- Jects With Depression Increased. This Is An Expected Finding Because As The
NYHA Class Increases, Cardiac Patients Have More Severe Physical Symptoms, Which Usually
Result In Emotional Distress, Such As Depression. Nurses Need To Actively Assess Cardiac Patients
For Depression, Especially Those In Higher NYHA Classes, So They Might Be Diagnosed And
Treated As Needed.
8. What Frequency And Percent Of Cardiac Patients In This Study Were Not Being Treated
With An Antidepressant? Show Your Calculations And Round Your Answer To The
Nearest Whole Percent (%).
Answer: A Total Of 106 Cardiac Patients Participated In This Study. The Sample Included
15 Patients Who Were Receiving An Antidepressant (See Table 1). The Number Of Cardiac
Patients Not Treated For Depression Was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The Group Percent Is
Calculated By The Following Formula: (Group Frequency ÷ Total Sample Size) × 100%.
For This Study, (91 Patients ÷ 106 Sample Size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% =
86%. The Final Answer Is Rounded To The Nearest Whole Percent As Directed In The
Question. You Could Have Also Subtracted The 14% Of Patients Treated With Antidepressants
From 100% And Obtained The 86% Who Were Not Treated With An Antidepressant.
T. What Was The Purpose Of The 5-Minute Walk Test (5MWT)? Would The 5MWT Be
Useful In Clinical Practice?
Answer: Ha Et Al. (2018) Stated, “The 6-Min Walk Test (6MWT) Is A Measure Of The
Submaximal, Steady-State Functional Capacity” Of Cardiac Patients. This Test Would Be A
Quick, Easy Way To Determine A Cardiac Patient’s Functional Status In A Clinical Setting.
This Functional Status Score Could Be Used To Determine The Treatment Plan To Promote
Or Maintain Functional Status Of Cardiac Patients.
, Answer Guidelines For Questions To Be Graded
AG 1-3
10. How Was Exercise Confidence Measured In This Study? What Was The
Level Of Measurement For The Exercise Confidence Variable In This
Study? Provide A Rationale For Your Answer. Answer: Exercise Confidence
Of The Patients With Heart Failure (HF) In This Study Was Measured With The
Exercise Confidence Scale That Included Four Subscales Focused On Walking,
Climbing, Lifting Objects Of Graded Weight, And Running (See The Study
Narrative). This Was A Rating Scale With Values Ranging From 0 To 100. The
Patients’ Scores For The Total Exercise Confidence Scale And The Subscales
Were Considered Interval-Level Data And Analyzed With Parametric Statistics,
Such As Means And Sds (See The Study Narrative; Waltz Et Al., 2017).
Exercise 2: Identifying Probability And Nonprobability Sampling Methods In Studies
1. Probability, Simple Random Sampling. Each Department Was In The Target Was Identified
By A Number That Had Been Selected From A Random Numbers Table.
2. Yes, The Sample Is Representative. Probability Sampling Allows Every Person Or Element
Of The Study Population To Be Represented Without Researcher Bias And Minimizes
Sampling Error.
3. Nonprobability, Convenience Sampling. In Convenience Sampling, Subjects Are Enrolled In
The Study Until The Target Sample Size Is Reached. Convenience Sampling Does Not Allow
For The Opportunity To Control For Sampling Errors And Biases.
4. Nonprobability, Network Or Snowball Sampling. Network Or Snowball Sampling Makes
Use Of Social Networks And The Fact That Friends Often Have Common Characteristics.
The Selected Individuals Were Asked To Locate Other Substance Abusers They Knew To
Participate In The Study.
5. Probability; Stratified Random Sampling. Stratified Random Sampling Is Used When The
Researcher Knows Some Of The Variables Within A Population That Will Affect The
Representatives Of The Sample.
6. Was The Sample Identified In The Ulrich Et Al. (2005) Study In Question 5 Representative
Of The Target Population Of Nps And Pas? Provide A Rationale For Your Answer.
Yes, Stratified Random Sampling Is Used When Some Of The Variables Within A Population
Are Known That Will Affect The Representativeness Of The Sample.
7. Nonprobability; Purposive Sampling. Purposive Sampling Occurs When The Researcher
Consciously Selects Subjects, Elements, Events, Or Incidents To Include In The Study. The
Event In This Study Is The Tornado. Those Selected For The Study Lived In The City Where
The Tornado Occurred.
8. Nonprobability; Convenience Sampling. Participants In Convenience Sampling Are
Recruited Because They Are Accessible And Available To Participate. The Participants Of
This Study Were Chosen Because They Were Admitted To The Hospital.
9. Nonprobability; Purposive Sampling Then Theoretical Sampling. Purposive Sampling Was
Used Because The Participants Were Selected Based On Their Familiarity With, Interest In, And
Willingness To Reflect And Discuss Their Hope Experience. Theoretical Sampling Was Then
Used To Achieve Theoretical Saturation.
10. Nonprobability; Purposive Sampling. Purposive Sampling Was Used Because The
Researcher Consciously Selected The Subjects.
Exercise 3: Understanding The Sampling Section Of A Research Report: Population,
STATISTICS FOR
NURSING RESEARCH A
WORKBOOK FOR
EVIDENCE-BASED
PRACTICE 3RD EDITION
SUSAN GROVE DAISHA
,Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
Measurement: Nominal, 1
The Questions Are In Bold Followed By Answers.
1. In Table 1, Identify The Level Of Measurement For The Current Therapy Variable.
Provide A Rationale For Your Answer.
Answer: The Current Therapy Variable Was Measured At The Nominal Level. These Drug
Categories Were Probably Developed To Be Exhaustive For This Study And Included The
Categories Of Drugs The Subjects Were Receiving. However, The Categories Are Not Exclusive,
Since Patients Are Usually On More Than One Category Of These Drugs To Manage Their
Health Problems. The Current Therapies Are Not Measured At The Ordinal Level Because They
Cannot Be Rank Ordered, Since No Drug Category Can Be Considered More Or Less Beneficial
Than Another Drug Category (See Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
2. What Is The Mode For The Current Therapy Variable In This Study? Provide A
Rationale For Your Answer.
Answer: The Mode For Current Therapy Was Β Blocker. A Total Of 100 (94%) Of The Cardiac Patients
Were Receiving This Category Of Drug, Which Was The Most Common Prescribed Drug For
This Sample.
3. What Statistics Were Conducted To Describe The BMI Of The Cardiac Patients In This
Sample? Discuss Whether These Analysis Techniques Were Appropriate Or
Inappropriate.
Answer: BMI Was Described With A Mean And Standard Deviation (SD). BMI Measurement
Resulted In Ratio-Level Data With Continuous Values And An Absolute Zero (Stone & Frazier,
2017). Ratio- Level Data Should Be Analyzed With Parametric Statistics Such As The Mean And
SD (Grove & Gray, 2017; Knapp, 2017).
4. Researchers Used The Following Item To Measure Registered Nurses’ (Rns) Income In A
Study: What Category Identifies Your Current Income As An RN?
a. Less Than $50,000
b. $50,000 To 59,999
c. $60,000 To 69,999
d. $70,000 To 80,000
e. $80,000 Or Greater
What Level Of Measurement Is This Income Variable? Does The Income Variable Follow
The Rules Outlined In Figure 1-1? Provide A Rationale For Your Answer.
Answer: In This Example, The Income Variable Is Measured At The Ordinal Level. The Income
Catego- Ries Are Exhaustive, Ranging From Less Than $50,000 To Greater Than $80,000. The
Two Open-Ended
AG 1-1
,AG 1-2 Answer Guidelines For Questions To Be Graded
Categories Ensure That All Salary Levels Are Covered. The Categories Are Not Exclusive, Since
Catego- Ries (D) And (E) Include An $80,000 Salary, So Study Participants Making $80,000
Might Mark Either (D) Or (E) Or Both Categories, Resulting In Erroneous Data. Category (E)
Could Be Changed To Greater Than $80,000, Making The Categories Exclusive. The Categories
Can Be Rank Ordered From The Lowest Salary To The Highest Salary, Which Is Consistent
With Ordinal Data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz Et Al., 2017).
5. What Level Of Measurement Is The CDS Score? Provide A Rationale For Your Answer.
Answer: The CDS Score Is At The Interval Level Of Measurement. The CDS Is A 26-Item Likert
Scale Developed To Measure Depression In Cardiac Patients. Study Participants Rated Their
Symp- Toms On A Scale Of 1 To 7, With Higher Numbers Indicating Increased Severity In The
Depression Symptoms. The Total Scores For Each Subject Obtained From This Multi-Item Scale
Are Considered To Be At The Interval Level Of Measurement (Gray Et Al., 2017; Waltz Et Al.,
2017).
5. Were Nonparametric Or Parametric Analysis Techniques Used To Analyze The CDS Scores
For The Cardiac Patients In This Study? Provide A Rationale For Your Answer.
Answer: Parametric Statistics, Such As Mean And SD, Were Conducted To Describe CDS Scores
For Study Participants (See Table 1). CDS Scores Are Interval-Level Data As Indicated In
Questions 5, So Parametric Statistics Are Appropriate For This Level Of Data (Gray Et Al., 2017;
Kim & Mallory, 2017).
7. Is The Prevalence Of Depression Linked To The NYHA Class? Discuss The Clinical
Importance Of This Result.
Answer: The Study Narrative Indicated That The Prevalence Of Depression Increased With The
Greater NYHA Class. In NYHA Class III, 64% Of The Subjects Were Depressed, Whereas 11%
Of The Subjects Were Depressed In NYHA Class I. Thus, As The NYHA Class Increased, The
Number Of Sub- Jects With Depression Increased. This Is An Expected Finding Because As The
NYHA Class Increases, Cardiac Patients Have More Severe Physical Symptoms, Which Usually
Result In Emotional Distress, Such As Depression. Nurses Need To Actively Assess Cardiac Patients
For Depression, Especially Those In Higher NYHA Classes, So They Might Be Diagnosed And
Treated As Needed.
8. What Frequency And Percent Of Cardiac Patients In This Study Were Not Being Treated
With An Antidepressant? Show Your Calculations And Round Your Answer To The
Nearest Whole Percent (%).
Answer: A Total Of 106 Cardiac Patients Participated In This Study. The Sample Included
15 Patients Who Were Receiving An Antidepressant (See Table 1). The Number Of Cardiac
Patients Not Treated For Depression Was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The Group Percent Is
Calculated By The Following Formula: (Group Frequency ÷ Total Sample Size) × 100%.
For This Study, (91 Patients ÷ 106 Sample Size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% =
86%. The Final Answer Is Rounded To The Nearest Whole Percent As Directed In The
Question. You Could Have Also Subtracted The 14% Of Patients Treated With Antidepressants
From 100% And Obtained The 86% Who Were Not Treated With An Antidepressant.
T. What Was The Purpose Of The 5-Minute Walk Test (5MWT)? Would The 5MWT Be
Useful In Clinical Practice?
Answer: Ha Et Al. (2018) Stated, “The 6-Min Walk Test (6MWT) Is A Measure Of The
Submaximal, Steady-State Functional Capacity” Of Cardiac Patients. This Test Would Be A
Quick, Easy Way To Determine A Cardiac Patient’s Functional Status In A Clinical Setting.
This Functional Status Score Could Be Used To Determine The Treatment Plan To Promote
Or Maintain Functional Status Of Cardiac Patients.
, Answer Guidelines For Questions To Be Graded
AG 1-3
10. How Was Exercise Confidence Measured In This Study? What Was The
Level Of Measurement For The Exercise Confidence Variable In This
Study? Provide A Rationale For Your Answer. Answer: Exercise Confidence
Of The Patients With Heart Failure (HF) In This Study Was Measured With The
Exercise Confidence Scale That Included Four Subscales Focused On Walking,
Climbing, Lifting Objects Of Graded Weight, And Running (See The Study
Narrative). This Was A Rating Scale With Values Ranging From 0 To 100. The
Patients’ Scores For The Total Exercise Confidence Scale And The Subscales
Were Considered Interval-Level Data And Analyzed With Parametric Statistics,
Such As Means And Sds (See The Study Narrative; Waltz Et Al., 2017).
Exercise 2: Identifying Probability And Nonprobability Sampling Methods In Studies
1. Probability, Simple Random Sampling. Each Department Was In The Target Was Identified
By A Number That Had Been Selected From A Random Numbers Table.
2. Yes, The Sample Is Representative. Probability Sampling Allows Every Person Or Element
Of The Study Population To Be Represented Without Researcher Bias And Minimizes
Sampling Error.
3. Nonprobability, Convenience Sampling. In Convenience Sampling, Subjects Are Enrolled In
The Study Until The Target Sample Size Is Reached. Convenience Sampling Does Not Allow
For The Opportunity To Control For Sampling Errors And Biases.
4. Nonprobability, Network Or Snowball Sampling. Network Or Snowball Sampling Makes
Use Of Social Networks And The Fact That Friends Often Have Common Characteristics.
The Selected Individuals Were Asked To Locate Other Substance Abusers They Knew To
Participate In The Study.
5. Probability; Stratified Random Sampling. Stratified Random Sampling Is Used When The
Researcher Knows Some Of The Variables Within A Population That Will Affect The
Representatives Of The Sample.
6. Was The Sample Identified In The Ulrich Et Al. (2005) Study In Question 5 Representative
Of The Target Population Of Nps And Pas? Provide A Rationale For Your Answer.
Yes, Stratified Random Sampling Is Used When Some Of The Variables Within A Population
Are Known That Will Affect The Representativeness Of The Sample.
7. Nonprobability; Purposive Sampling. Purposive Sampling Occurs When The Researcher
Consciously Selects Subjects, Elements, Events, Or Incidents To Include In The Study. The
Event In This Study Is The Tornado. Those Selected For The Study Lived In The City Where
The Tornado Occurred.
8. Nonprobability; Convenience Sampling. Participants In Convenience Sampling Are
Recruited Because They Are Accessible And Available To Participate. The Participants Of
This Study Were Chosen Because They Were Admitted To The Hospital.
9. Nonprobability; Purposive Sampling Then Theoretical Sampling. Purposive Sampling Was
Used Because The Participants Were Selected Based On Their Familiarity With, Interest In, And
Willingness To Reflect And Discuss Their Hope Experience. Theoretical Sampling Was Then
Used To Achieve Theoretical Saturation.
10. Nonprobability; Purposive Sampling. Purposive Sampling Was Used Because The
Researcher Consciously Selected The Subjects.
Exercise 3: Understanding The Sampling Section Of A Research Report: Population,
