IGO’s
and
INGO’s
Summary
Term
4
2019/2020
European
Studies
Week
1
Human
Rights
and
Humanitarian
Affairs
Human
Rights
• Traditionally
human
rights
were
excluded
from
international
politics
because
of
states
individual
sovereignty
–
they
could
decide
on
human
rights
issues
themselves
• WW2
changed
this
mostly
because
of
the
holocaust
showing
that
human
rights
should
be
internationalised
and
not
up
to
sovereign
states
but
humanity
as
a
whole
1948
The
Universal
Declaration
of
Human
Rights
(UDHR)
• It
is
not
legally
binding
so
it
doesn’t
hold
states
accountable,
is
a
list
of
30
fundamental
principles
and
includes
o Civic/political
rights
such
as
right
to
life,
liberty
and
political
participation
o Economic/social
rights
such
as
right
to
work,
form
unions
and
standard
of
living
o Collective
rights
such
as
right
to
self-‐determination
and
development
(like
preserving
ethnic
minorities)
Divisions
of
human
rights
opinions:
• East-‐West
divide:
west
favours
political/civil
rights
and
east
favours
social/economic
rights
• North-‐South/rich-‐poor
divide:
south
(less-‐developed
countries)
focuses
on
economic,
cultural
and
collective
rights
and
north
is
criticised
to
ignore
basic
needs
and
focus
on
abusive
regimes
• Universalism-‐cultural
relativism
divide:
universalism
says
all
humans
have
rights
and
should
always
be
protected
and
cultural
relativism
says
that
human
rights
should
be
adapted
per
culture
and
society
(says
these
human
rights
are
only
applicable
to
Europe)
Treaties
made
in
1966,
which
are
legally
binding
to
protect
human
rights
at
global
level:
• International
Covenant
on
Economic,
Social
and
Cultural
Rights
(ICESCR)
o Such
as
right
to
work,
housing
and
education
• International
Covenant
on
Civil
and
Political
Rights
(ICCPR)
o Such
as
right
to
life,
freedom
of
movement,
freedom
of
religion
and
free
elections
Other
more
specific
treaties
were
also
made
such
as
convention
against
genocide
or
gender
discrimination.
There
is
also
a
difference
in
signing
and
ratifying
a
document.
Signing
a
document
is
done
by
a
country
leader
but
is
only
brought
into
law
by
ratifying
it.
,The
Geneva
Conventions
and
their
Additional
Protocols
form
the
core
of
international
humanitarian
law,
which
regulates
the
conduct
of
armed
conflict
and
seeks
to
limit
its
effects
and
protect
people
not
taking
part
in
hostilities.
International
criminal
law
is
a
body
of
public
international
law
that
prohibits
certain
categories
of
conduct
commonly
viewed
as
serious
atrocities
and
makes
perpetrators
of
such
conduct
criminally
accountable.
Refugees
• According
to
UDHR,
Art
14:
“everyone
has
the
right
to
seek
and
enjoy
in
other
countries
asylum
from
persecution”
• 1951
Geneva
Refugee
Convention,
Art
1:
“a
refugee
is
someone
who
owing
to
a
well-‐founded
fear
of
being
persecuted
for
reasons
of
race,
religion,
nationality,
membership
of
a
particular
social
group
or
political
opinion,
is
outside
the
country
of
his
nationality,
and
is
unable
to,
or
owing
to
such
fear,
is
unwilling
to
avail
himself
of
the
protection
of
that
country.”
(This
definition
excludes
economic
refugees)
• 1951
Geneva
Refugee
Convention,
Art
33:
“No
Contracting
State
shall
expel
or
return
(‘refouler’
in
French)
a
refugee
in
any
manner
whatsoever
to
the
frontiers
of
territories
where
his
life
or
freedom
would
be
threatened
on
account
of
his
race,
religion,
nationality,
membership
of
a
particular
social
group
or
political
opinion.”
UN
Agencies
that
promote
and
protect
human
rights
• The
Covenant
on
C&P:
Committee
on
Human
roghts
that
reports
to
ECOSOC
• The
Covenant
on
E,
S
&C:
Committee
on
Individual
Experts
• UN
Commission
on
Human
Rights,
which
is
now
the
Human
Rights
Council
after
it
was
replaced
in
2006
o Was
a
result
of
the
UDHR
o Based
in
Geneva
o 47
members
elected
by
the
General
Assembly
by
proportional
representation
by
region
• United
Nations
High
Commissioner
for
Human
Rights
(OCHR)
1994
o Diplomatically
promotes
and
protects
human
rights
o Provides
advisory
and
educational
assistance
to
states
o Coordinates
UN
education
and
public
information
programmes
o Currently
Michelle
Bachalet
from
Chile
• International
Labour
Organisation
(ILO)
INGOs
There
is
a
large
number
of
INGOs
involved
in
human
rights.
The
biggest
are
Amnesty
International,
Human
Rights
Watch,
Red
Cross
and
Doctors
without
borders.
Their
role
is
to:
• Identify
and
investigate
HR
violations
• Pressure
governments
and
IGOs
They
mostly
use
the
‘name
and
shame
strategy’
and
publicise
reports.
, Peacekeeping
Peacekeeping
is
the
most
active
UN
area.
It
is
managing
conflicts
and
preventing
human
rights
abuses.
Peacekeeping
is
not
in
the
UN
charter
but
falls
slightly
under
Chapter
6
(conflict
resolution)
and
7
(collective
security).
Therefore
some
scholars
call
it
Chapter
6
½.
Traditional
(first-‐generation)
peacekeeping
• Observer
missions
and
lightly
armed
multinational
contingents
(chapter
6)
• Should
be
as
neutral
as
possible,
use
force
only
if
peacekeeping
forces
are
attacked
• Forces
must
be
deployed
with
the
consent
of
the
host
state
• No
aggressors
are
identified
• The
parties
involved
are
not
blamed
It
has
three
conditions:
1. Consent
of
parties
(invitation,
host
country
must
ask
for
peacekeeping
troops)
2. Cease
fire
3. Impartiality
(troops
must
stay
neutral,
no
blame)
An
example
is
the
first
peacekeeping
mission.
It
took
place
during
the
Suez
crisis
(1956)
to
support
Israel
when
Egyptian
troops
took
over
the
Suez
Canal.
Second-‐generation
peacekeeping
Peacekeeping
still
under
chapter
6
after
the
end
of
the
Cold
War
to:
• Supervise
ceasefires
between
irregular
forces
• Assist
in
maintaining
law
and
order
• Protect
delivery
of
humanitarian
assistance
• Monitor
and
run
elections
• Protect
safe
havens
• Enforce
sanctions
and
Security
Council
decisions
This
peacekeeping
can
be
seen
in
former
Yugoslavia
especially
in
Bosnia
between
the
Orthodox
Serbs,
Catholic
Croats
and
Muslim
Bosnians.
The
biggest
example
of
this
peacekeeping
is
the
Rwandan
Genocide
during
which
peacekeeping
troops
were
deployed
but
didn’t
prevent
the
massacre
of
800,000
Tutsis
and
moderate
Hutsis
in
100
days.
and
INGO’s
Summary
Term
4
2019/2020
European
Studies
Week
1
Human
Rights
and
Humanitarian
Affairs
Human
Rights
• Traditionally
human
rights
were
excluded
from
international
politics
because
of
states
individual
sovereignty
–
they
could
decide
on
human
rights
issues
themselves
• WW2
changed
this
mostly
because
of
the
holocaust
showing
that
human
rights
should
be
internationalised
and
not
up
to
sovereign
states
but
humanity
as
a
whole
1948
The
Universal
Declaration
of
Human
Rights
(UDHR)
• It
is
not
legally
binding
so
it
doesn’t
hold
states
accountable,
is
a
list
of
30
fundamental
principles
and
includes
o Civic/political
rights
such
as
right
to
life,
liberty
and
political
participation
o Economic/social
rights
such
as
right
to
work,
form
unions
and
standard
of
living
o Collective
rights
such
as
right
to
self-‐determination
and
development
(like
preserving
ethnic
minorities)
Divisions
of
human
rights
opinions:
• East-‐West
divide:
west
favours
political/civil
rights
and
east
favours
social/economic
rights
• North-‐South/rich-‐poor
divide:
south
(less-‐developed
countries)
focuses
on
economic,
cultural
and
collective
rights
and
north
is
criticised
to
ignore
basic
needs
and
focus
on
abusive
regimes
• Universalism-‐cultural
relativism
divide:
universalism
says
all
humans
have
rights
and
should
always
be
protected
and
cultural
relativism
says
that
human
rights
should
be
adapted
per
culture
and
society
(says
these
human
rights
are
only
applicable
to
Europe)
Treaties
made
in
1966,
which
are
legally
binding
to
protect
human
rights
at
global
level:
• International
Covenant
on
Economic,
Social
and
Cultural
Rights
(ICESCR)
o Such
as
right
to
work,
housing
and
education
• International
Covenant
on
Civil
and
Political
Rights
(ICCPR)
o Such
as
right
to
life,
freedom
of
movement,
freedom
of
religion
and
free
elections
Other
more
specific
treaties
were
also
made
such
as
convention
against
genocide
or
gender
discrimination.
There
is
also
a
difference
in
signing
and
ratifying
a
document.
Signing
a
document
is
done
by
a
country
leader
but
is
only
brought
into
law
by
ratifying
it.
,The
Geneva
Conventions
and
their
Additional
Protocols
form
the
core
of
international
humanitarian
law,
which
regulates
the
conduct
of
armed
conflict
and
seeks
to
limit
its
effects
and
protect
people
not
taking
part
in
hostilities.
International
criminal
law
is
a
body
of
public
international
law
that
prohibits
certain
categories
of
conduct
commonly
viewed
as
serious
atrocities
and
makes
perpetrators
of
such
conduct
criminally
accountable.
Refugees
• According
to
UDHR,
Art
14:
“everyone
has
the
right
to
seek
and
enjoy
in
other
countries
asylum
from
persecution”
• 1951
Geneva
Refugee
Convention,
Art
1:
“a
refugee
is
someone
who
owing
to
a
well-‐founded
fear
of
being
persecuted
for
reasons
of
race,
religion,
nationality,
membership
of
a
particular
social
group
or
political
opinion,
is
outside
the
country
of
his
nationality,
and
is
unable
to,
or
owing
to
such
fear,
is
unwilling
to
avail
himself
of
the
protection
of
that
country.”
(This
definition
excludes
economic
refugees)
• 1951
Geneva
Refugee
Convention,
Art
33:
“No
Contracting
State
shall
expel
or
return
(‘refouler’
in
French)
a
refugee
in
any
manner
whatsoever
to
the
frontiers
of
territories
where
his
life
or
freedom
would
be
threatened
on
account
of
his
race,
religion,
nationality,
membership
of
a
particular
social
group
or
political
opinion.”
UN
Agencies
that
promote
and
protect
human
rights
• The
Covenant
on
C&P:
Committee
on
Human
roghts
that
reports
to
ECOSOC
• The
Covenant
on
E,
S
&C:
Committee
on
Individual
Experts
• UN
Commission
on
Human
Rights,
which
is
now
the
Human
Rights
Council
after
it
was
replaced
in
2006
o Was
a
result
of
the
UDHR
o Based
in
Geneva
o 47
members
elected
by
the
General
Assembly
by
proportional
representation
by
region
• United
Nations
High
Commissioner
for
Human
Rights
(OCHR)
1994
o Diplomatically
promotes
and
protects
human
rights
o Provides
advisory
and
educational
assistance
to
states
o Coordinates
UN
education
and
public
information
programmes
o Currently
Michelle
Bachalet
from
Chile
• International
Labour
Organisation
(ILO)
INGOs
There
is
a
large
number
of
INGOs
involved
in
human
rights.
The
biggest
are
Amnesty
International,
Human
Rights
Watch,
Red
Cross
and
Doctors
without
borders.
Their
role
is
to:
• Identify
and
investigate
HR
violations
• Pressure
governments
and
IGOs
They
mostly
use
the
‘name
and
shame
strategy’
and
publicise
reports.
, Peacekeeping
Peacekeeping
is
the
most
active
UN
area.
It
is
managing
conflicts
and
preventing
human
rights
abuses.
Peacekeeping
is
not
in
the
UN
charter
but
falls
slightly
under
Chapter
6
(conflict
resolution)
and
7
(collective
security).
Therefore
some
scholars
call
it
Chapter
6
½.
Traditional
(first-‐generation)
peacekeeping
• Observer
missions
and
lightly
armed
multinational
contingents
(chapter
6)
• Should
be
as
neutral
as
possible,
use
force
only
if
peacekeeping
forces
are
attacked
• Forces
must
be
deployed
with
the
consent
of
the
host
state
• No
aggressors
are
identified
• The
parties
involved
are
not
blamed
It
has
three
conditions:
1. Consent
of
parties
(invitation,
host
country
must
ask
for
peacekeeping
troops)
2. Cease
fire
3. Impartiality
(troops
must
stay
neutral,
no
blame)
An
example
is
the
first
peacekeeping
mission.
It
took
place
during
the
Suez
crisis
(1956)
to
support
Israel
when
Egyptian
troops
took
over
the
Suez
Canal.
Second-‐generation
peacekeeping
Peacekeeping
still
under
chapter
6
after
the
end
of
the
Cold
War
to:
• Supervise
ceasefires
between
irregular
forces
• Assist
in
maintaining
law
and
order
• Protect
delivery
of
humanitarian
assistance
• Monitor
and
run
elections
• Protect
safe
havens
• Enforce
sanctions
and
Security
Council
decisions
This
peacekeeping
can
be
seen
in
former
Yugoslavia
especially
in
Bosnia
between
the
Orthodox
Serbs,
Catholic
Croats
and
Muslim
Bosnians.
The
biggest
example
of
this
peacekeeping
is
the
Rwandan
Genocide
during
which
peacekeeping
troops
were
deployed
but
didn’t
prevent
the
massacre
of
800,000
Tutsis
and
moderate
Hutsis
in
100
days.
