Pathophysiology DNP South Alabama NU 545
Questions with Complete verified detailed
Solutions latest update 2025
How is a cell protected from injury? (p.12) --- correct answers ---•
Plasma membrane - Acts as a barrier to toxic molecules,
macromolecules, & foreign organisms/cells.
• Exists in a state of change & modulation. Alternates receptor
numbers & patterns.
• Gating protects cells from release of Ca from injured cells by sealing
off or decreasing permeability at junctional complexes.
In cirrhosis, what does cholesterol have to do with the erythrocytes?
(p.68) --- correct answers ---• Associated with chemical changes that
result in structural & metabolic abnormalities of the erythrocyte
membrane leading to cell shape changes & hemolytic anemia.
• Increase in unesterified serum cholesterol owing to lecithin
cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) deficiency in cirrhosis leads to
,expansion of the lipid bilayer & macrocytosis without megaloblastic
changes in precursors. Substitutions of phosphatidyl choline (PC)
moieties in the erythrocyte lipid bilayer lead to echinocytes
(disaturated PC) or to stomatocytes (diunsaturated PC). In some
patients, high density lipoprotein (HDL) abnormalities lead to
erythrocyte surface changes causing rapid formation of echinocytes.
(Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1990 May-Jun;20(3):169-74.Mechanisms of
hemolysis in liver disease.Morse EE1.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Connecticut School
of Medicine, Farmington 06032)
• Alters fluidity & function of cell membrane as well as intercellular
transport
What is platelet-derived growth factor? (p.39) --- correct answers ---
Stimulates production of connective tissue cells & neuroglial cells
What is cell communication? How does it occur? (p.20) --- correct
answers ---• Required for homeostasis, regulate cellular
,growth/division & development/organization into tissues, &
coordinate cellular function.
• Occurs in 3 ways:
-via protein channels & gap junctions that directly coordinate
activities of adjacent cells (must be touching)
-via plasma membrane-based signaling molecules (receptors) that
affect the cell itself & cells that come in direct contact
-via chemical signals that must enter the distant cells to affect the
receptors inside of the distant cell (the most common means of
communication).
• Primary modes of intercellular signaling are hormonal,
neurohormonal, paracrine, contact-dependent, & neurotransmitters.
There is also Autocrine signaling where the cell signals itself.
What is chemical signaling? (p.20) --- correct answers ---Involves the
secretion of chemicals, such as hormones, neurohormones, paracrine,
autocrine, and neurotransmitters. Chemical signaling may occur
through the bloodstream or in small discrete spaces
, How is glucose transported from the blood to the cell? (p. 33) ---
correct answers ---Passive protein channels.
Passive mediated transport or facilitated diffusion moves the glucose
via a uniport mechanism into the cell. When all glucose-specific
receptors are occupied, the transport system is saturated and
operating at maximal capacity. Direction of movement is the same as
passive simple diffusion-down the concentration gradient, from an
area of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is
achieved.
Understand the transportation of potassium and sodium across
plasma membranes. (p. 29-32) --- correct answers ---• The Na+ K+
antiport (opposite directions) system uses direct energy of ATP to
move cations.
• ATPase is transporter protein.
• Concentration of ATPase in plasma membranes is directly related to
Na+ K+ transport activity.
Questions with Complete verified detailed
Solutions latest update 2025
How is a cell protected from injury? (p.12) --- correct answers ---•
Plasma membrane - Acts as a barrier to toxic molecules,
macromolecules, & foreign organisms/cells.
• Exists in a state of change & modulation. Alternates receptor
numbers & patterns.
• Gating protects cells from release of Ca from injured cells by sealing
off or decreasing permeability at junctional complexes.
In cirrhosis, what does cholesterol have to do with the erythrocytes?
(p.68) --- correct answers ---• Associated with chemical changes that
result in structural & metabolic abnormalities of the erythrocyte
membrane leading to cell shape changes & hemolytic anemia.
• Increase in unesterified serum cholesterol owing to lecithin
cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) deficiency in cirrhosis leads to
,expansion of the lipid bilayer & macrocytosis without megaloblastic
changes in precursors. Substitutions of phosphatidyl choline (PC)
moieties in the erythrocyte lipid bilayer lead to echinocytes
(disaturated PC) or to stomatocytes (diunsaturated PC). In some
patients, high density lipoprotein (HDL) abnormalities lead to
erythrocyte surface changes causing rapid formation of echinocytes.
(Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1990 May-Jun;20(3):169-74.Mechanisms of
hemolysis in liver disease.Morse EE1.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Connecticut School
of Medicine, Farmington 06032)
• Alters fluidity & function of cell membrane as well as intercellular
transport
What is platelet-derived growth factor? (p.39) --- correct answers ---
Stimulates production of connective tissue cells & neuroglial cells
What is cell communication? How does it occur? (p.20) --- correct
answers ---• Required for homeostasis, regulate cellular
,growth/division & development/organization into tissues, &
coordinate cellular function.
• Occurs in 3 ways:
-via protein channels & gap junctions that directly coordinate
activities of adjacent cells (must be touching)
-via plasma membrane-based signaling molecules (receptors) that
affect the cell itself & cells that come in direct contact
-via chemical signals that must enter the distant cells to affect the
receptors inside of the distant cell (the most common means of
communication).
• Primary modes of intercellular signaling are hormonal,
neurohormonal, paracrine, contact-dependent, & neurotransmitters.
There is also Autocrine signaling where the cell signals itself.
What is chemical signaling? (p.20) --- correct answers ---Involves the
secretion of chemicals, such as hormones, neurohormones, paracrine,
autocrine, and neurotransmitters. Chemical signaling may occur
through the bloodstream or in small discrete spaces
, How is glucose transported from the blood to the cell? (p. 33) ---
correct answers ---Passive protein channels.
Passive mediated transport or facilitated diffusion moves the glucose
via a uniport mechanism into the cell. When all glucose-specific
receptors are occupied, the transport system is saturated and
operating at maximal capacity. Direction of movement is the same as
passive simple diffusion-down the concentration gradient, from an
area of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is
achieved.
Understand the transportation of potassium and sodium across
plasma membranes. (p. 29-32) --- correct answers ---• The Na+ K+
antiport (opposite directions) system uses direct energy of ATP to
move cations.
• ATPase is transporter protein.
• Concentration of ATPase in plasma membranes is directly related to
Na+ K+ transport activity.
