2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
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1. Database Model - ANSWER ✔ Data structures that prescribe how data is
organized.
Operations that manipulate data structures.
Rules that govern valid data.
2. Tuple - ANSWER ✔ An ORDERED collection of elements enclosed in
parentheses.
3. Table - ANSWER ✔ A _____ has a name, a fixed tuple of columns, and a
varying set of rows.
4. Column - ANSWER ✔ A ______ has a name and a data type.
5. Row - ANSWER ✔ Is an unnamed tuple of values. Each value corresponds
to a column and belongs to the column's data type.
6. Data Type - ANSWER ✔ A ____ _____ is a named set of values, from
which column values are drawn.
7. Union - ANSWER ✔ Selects all rows of two tables.
,8. Aggregate - ANSWER ✔ Computes functions over multiple table rows,
such as sum and count.
9. Relational Rules - ANSWER ✔ Rules that are logical constraints and ensure
data is valid.
10.The standard language for Relational Databases... - ANSWER ✔ SQL is the
standard language for relational databases, and is commonly supported in
non-relational databases.
11.Literals (SQL Syntax) - ANSWER ✔ Explicit values that are string,
numeric, or binary.Strings must be surrounded by single quotes or double
quotes.Binary values are represented with x'0' where the 0 is any hex value.
12.Keywords (SQL Syntax) - ANSWER ✔ Words with special meaning.
ex. SELECT, FROM, WHERE
13.Identifiers (SQL Syntax) - ANSWER ✔ Objects from the database like
tables, columns, etc.
ex. City, Name, Population
14.SQL Sublanguages - ANSWER ✔ Data Definition Language (DDL) defines
the structure of the database.
Data Query Language (DQL) retrieves data from the database.
Data Manipulation Language (DML) manipulates data stored in a database.
Data Control Language (DCL) controls database user access.
Data Transaction Language (DTL) manages database transactions.
15.Cell - ANSWER ✔ A single column of a single row.
16.Not Ordered - ANSWER ✔ Rows
17.Data Independence - ANSWER ✔ Rule 7. Allows database administrators to
improve query performance by changing the organization of data on storage
devices, without affecting query results.
,18.Intangible Entity - ANSWER ✔ An _____________ entity is documented in
the data model, but not tracked with data in the database. In an ER diagram,
intangible entities are distinguished with special notation, such as a dashed
rectangle or distinct color.
19.Dependent Entities - ANSWER ✔ Weak Entities
20.Subject Area - ANSWER ✔ A group of related entities.
21.Unified Modeling Language (UML) - ANSWER ✔ Commonly used for
software development. Software data structures are similar to database
structures
22.Logical Design Phase (First Step) - ANSWER ✔ Each entity becomes a
table and each attribute becomes a column. Tables and columns are revised
in subsequent steps.
23.Third Normal Form - ANSWER ✔ Informally, a table is in ______
________ ______ when all non-key columns depend on the key, the whole
key, and nothing but the key.
24.Second Normal Form - ANSWER ✔ A table is in _________ ________
______ when all non-key columns depend on the whole primary key. In
other words, a non-key column cannot depend on part of a composite
primary key. A table with a simple primary key is in this form.
25.First Normal Form - ANSWER ✔ Every non-key column depends on the
primary key. Every primary key value appears in exactly one row, and each
non-key cell contains exactly one value. Each primary key is related to
exactly one non-key value.
26.Entity-Relationship Model - ANSWER ✔ An ______ __________________
________ is a high-level representation of data requirements, ignoring
implementation details.
27.Entity - ANSWER ✔ A person, place, product, concept, or activity.
28.Relationship - ANSWER ✔ A statement about two entities.
, 29.Attribute - ANSWER ✔ A descriptive property of an entity.
30.Reflexive Relationship - ANSWER ✔ A _________ ____________ relates
an entity to itself.
31.Entity-Relationship Diagram - ANSWER ✔ An _____________
______________, commonly called an ER diagram, is a schematic picture
of entities, relationships, and attributes. Entities are drawn as rectangles.
32.Entity Type - ANSWER ✔ An ______ _______ is a set of things. Ex: All
employees in a company.
33.Relationship Type - ANSWER ✔ A _____________ _____ is a set of
related things.
34.Attribute Instance - ANSWER ✔ An attribute instance is an individual
value.
35.Analysis - ANSWER ✔ __________ develops an entity-relationship model,
capturing data requirements while ignoring implementation details.
36.Logical - ANSWER ✔ __________ design converts the entity-relationship
model into tables, columns, and keys for a particular database system.
37.Physical - ANSWER ✔ __________ design adds indexes and specifies how
tables are organized on storage media.
38.Analysis Steps - ANSWER ✔ 1. Discover entities, relationships, and
attributes
2. Determine cardinality
3. Distinguish strong and weak entities
4. Create supertype and subtype entities
39.Logical Design Steps - ANSWER ✔ 1. Implement entities
2. Implement relationships
3. Implement attributes
4. Apply normal form