BIOS 4400 EXAM 1 WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% VERIFIED!!
rostral - ANSWER toward the nose
dorsal - ANSWER back side
ventral - ANSWER belly side
caudal - ANSWER toward the tail
coronal plane - ANSWER divides body into front and back (THINK: wearing a "crown"
that passes ear to ear)
sagittal plane - ANSWER divides body into left and right (THINK: profile)
transverse plane (aka axial) - ANSWER divides the body into superior and inferior parts
adduct - ANSWER move toward midline
abduct - ANSWER away from the midline
sulcus - ANSWER groove
fissure - ANSWER deep groove
gyrus - ANSWER a ridge or fold on the surface of the brain
,nucleus - ANSWER clearly defined mass of neuron cell bodies in CNS
ganglion - ANSWER collection of neuron cell bodies in PNS
substantia - ANSWER less distinct borders of cell bodies than nuclei
locus - ANSWER small, but well defined mass of neuron cell bodies (smaller than a
nucleus)
white matter - ANSWER generic term for a collection of (myelinated) axons
grey matter - ANSWER generic term for neurons in the CNS
tract (projection) - ANSWER set of axons in the CNS, also known as fibers, that project
from one structure and form synapses on a second common structure
fasciculus - ANSWER smaller part of a tract, could be in CNS or PNS
nerve - ANSWER bundle of axons either projecting from the CNS to something in the
periphery (muscle or gland), or from a sense organ to the CNS
bundle - ANSWER collection of axons that run together, but do not necessarily share
the same origin or destination
chiasm (or chiasma) - ANSWER an X-shaped crossing of nerve fibers b/w the cerebral
hemispheres
commissure - ANSWER group of nerve fibers crossing the sagittal plane w/o forming a
,cross-shape
contralateral - ANSWER result of crossing, at the more-or-less corresponding position
on the laterally opposite side of the sagittal plane
decussation - ANSWER where nerve fibers obliquely cross from one lateral part of the
brain to another (cross at a level other than the origin)
looking at the transverse slice of brain, are A and B different? Both are white matter and
look fairly similar! - ANSWER - white matter in the left frontal lobe will have significantly
different function/pathways than that in the corpus callosum
- connections and pathways are just as important as locations
first application of dyes on living neurons? - ANSWER growth cones with Dil
Dil fluorescent stain
- a lipophilic membrane stain that diffuses laterally to stain the entire cell
- weakly fluorescent until incorporated into membranes
single layer the skin and neural tissue arise from in response to signals provided by an
adjacent layer - ANSWER ectoderm, signals from mesoderm
somite - ANSWER - blocks of mesoderm that are located on either side of the neural
tube in the developing vertebrate embryo
- give rise to the cells that form the vertebrae and ribs, the dermis of the dorsal skin, the
skeletal muscles of the back, and the skeletal muscles of the body wall and limbs
- myotome, dermatome, sclerotome
neural induction - ANSWER the commitment of ectodermal tissue to neural tissue
, neurulation - ANSWER process of neural tube formation
5 steps of neurulation - ANSWER 1. 21-28 days thickened layer
2. flat neural plate with parallel ridges
3. ridges fold inward and fuse
4. rostral end forms 3 bulges (prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon)
5. eyes and hemispheres appear later
neuromeres - ANSWER budding of neural areas in the rostral part of the neural tube
when do neuromeres form? due to what 2 factors? - ANSWER formation occurs by 4
weeks due to their signaling environment, HOX genes (encode transcription factors,
essential for embryonic dev, highly conserved genes)
8 phases of embryonic and fetal development at a cellular level - ANSWER 1.
mitosis/proliferation
2. migration
3. differentiation
4. aggregation
5. synaptogenesis
6. neuron death
7. synapse rearrangement
8. myelination
mitosis/proliferation - ANSWER creation of new cells
migration - ANSWER cells move to new locations
rostral - ANSWER toward the nose
dorsal - ANSWER back side
ventral - ANSWER belly side
caudal - ANSWER toward the tail
coronal plane - ANSWER divides body into front and back (THINK: wearing a "crown"
that passes ear to ear)
sagittal plane - ANSWER divides body into left and right (THINK: profile)
transverse plane (aka axial) - ANSWER divides the body into superior and inferior parts
adduct - ANSWER move toward midline
abduct - ANSWER away from the midline
sulcus - ANSWER groove
fissure - ANSWER deep groove
gyrus - ANSWER a ridge or fold on the surface of the brain
,nucleus - ANSWER clearly defined mass of neuron cell bodies in CNS
ganglion - ANSWER collection of neuron cell bodies in PNS
substantia - ANSWER less distinct borders of cell bodies than nuclei
locus - ANSWER small, but well defined mass of neuron cell bodies (smaller than a
nucleus)
white matter - ANSWER generic term for a collection of (myelinated) axons
grey matter - ANSWER generic term for neurons in the CNS
tract (projection) - ANSWER set of axons in the CNS, also known as fibers, that project
from one structure and form synapses on a second common structure
fasciculus - ANSWER smaller part of a tract, could be in CNS or PNS
nerve - ANSWER bundle of axons either projecting from the CNS to something in the
periphery (muscle or gland), or from a sense organ to the CNS
bundle - ANSWER collection of axons that run together, but do not necessarily share
the same origin or destination
chiasm (or chiasma) - ANSWER an X-shaped crossing of nerve fibers b/w the cerebral
hemispheres
commissure - ANSWER group of nerve fibers crossing the sagittal plane w/o forming a
,cross-shape
contralateral - ANSWER result of crossing, at the more-or-less corresponding position
on the laterally opposite side of the sagittal plane
decussation - ANSWER where nerve fibers obliquely cross from one lateral part of the
brain to another (cross at a level other than the origin)
looking at the transverse slice of brain, are A and B different? Both are white matter and
look fairly similar! - ANSWER - white matter in the left frontal lobe will have significantly
different function/pathways than that in the corpus callosum
- connections and pathways are just as important as locations
first application of dyes on living neurons? - ANSWER growth cones with Dil
Dil fluorescent stain
- a lipophilic membrane stain that diffuses laterally to stain the entire cell
- weakly fluorescent until incorporated into membranes
single layer the skin and neural tissue arise from in response to signals provided by an
adjacent layer - ANSWER ectoderm, signals from mesoderm
somite - ANSWER - blocks of mesoderm that are located on either side of the neural
tube in the developing vertebrate embryo
- give rise to the cells that form the vertebrae and ribs, the dermis of the dorsal skin, the
skeletal muscles of the back, and the skeletal muscles of the body wall and limbs
- myotome, dermatome, sclerotome
neural induction - ANSWER the commitment of ectodermal tissue to neural tissue
, neurulation - ANSWER process of neural tube formation
5 steps of neurulation - ANSWER 1. 21-28 days thickened layer
2. flat neural plate with parallel ridges
3. ridges fold inward and fuse
4. rostral end forms 3 bulges (prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon)
5. eyes and hemispheres appear later
neuromeres - ANSWER budding of neural areas in the rostral part of the neural tube
when do neuromeres form? due to what 2 factors? - ANSWER formation occurs by 4
weeks due to their signaling environment, HOX genes (encode transcription factors,
essential for embryonic dev, highly conserved genes)
8 phases of embryonic and fetal development at a cellular level - ANSWER 1.
mitosis/proliferation
2. migration
3. differentiation
4. aggregation
5. synaptogenesis
6. neuron death
7. synapse rearrangement
8. myelination
mitosis/proliferation - ANSWER creation of new cells
migration - ANSWER cells move to new locations
