ATAR Human Bio Semester 1 Exam Year
12 Questions and Answers
Nervous System ANSWERS Exerts control by the transmission of nerve impulses
to and from the various tissues
Exocrine Glands ANSWERS Glands that secrete into a duct that carries secretion
to the body's surface or cavity
E.g. sweat or mucous glands
Endocrine System ANSWERS Influences the activity of cells by releasing
chemical messengers/hormones concerned with maintaining homeostasis
Hormone ANSWERS A protein, amine, or steroid molecule that acts as a chemical
messenger to target cells. They are secreted from endocrine glands into the
bloodstream and are carried to the target cells which are often at a site distant from their
production
Fever: Effects ANSWERS Inhibits the reproduction of some bacteria and viruses,
also increase metabolism (body repairs) and immune reactions
Bacteriostatic Antibiotics ANSWERS Do not kill the bacteria but do inhibit protein
synthesis.
Bactericidal Antibiotics ANSWERS Destroy the cell's wall and membrane
Antivirals ANSWERS Some prevent viruses entering the cells, others prevent the
virus from releasing its DNA or RNA into the cell nucleus or prevent it splicing its genetic
material into the host DNA
Natural Immunity ANSWERS Gained from natural processes such as developing
immunity to a disease contracted or gaining temporary immunity through placenta.
Target Cells/Organs ANSWERS Cells/organs which respond to stimulation by a
hormone
E.g. prolactin's target cells are the milk-producing cells of the breast
Hypothalamus ANSWERS Endocrine gland:
- located at the base of the brain
-regulates many bodily functions (temperature, water balance, heart rate)
, - many functions carried out through pituitary gland; anterior is joined to hypothalamus
through infundibulum; posterior is joined to hypothalamus through nerve fibres that pass
through infundibulum
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) ANSWERS Porduction site- Anterior pituitary
Target organ- Thyroid
Effect- Thyroid produces thyroxine
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) ANSWERS Production site- Anterior
pituitary
Target organ- Adrenal cortex
Effect- Produces hormones of the adrenal cortex, glucocorticoids
Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH) ANSWERS Production site- Posterior pituitary,
produced in hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary
Target organ- Kidneys, cells of collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubule
Effect- Water reabsorption when body water levels low
Thyroxine ANSWERS Production site- Thyroid
Target cells- Body cells
Effect- Speeds up chemical reactions
Adrenaline ANSWERS Production site- Adrenal medulla
Target organs- liver, heart, arterioles, bronchioles and sweat glands
Effect- Prepares body for flight of fight in similar way to sympathetic nervous system
Noradrenaline ANSWERS Production site- Adrenal medulla
Target organs- Liver, heart, arterioles, bronchioles and sweat glands
Effect- Prepares body for fight or flight in a similar way to sympathetic nervous system
Aldosterone ANSWERS Production site- Adrenal cortex
Target cells/organ- Kidneys, nephron
Effect- Increased reabsorption of sodium ions and water and increased secretion of
potassium ions
Cortisol ANSWERS Production site- Adrenal cortex
Target organ- Liver
Effect- Stimulation of gluconeogenesis
Insulin ANSWERS Production site- Pancreas, beta cells in islets of Langerhans
Target cells/organ- Liver and muscle, fat cells and other body cells
Effect- Stimulation of glycogenesis and stimulates the uptake of blood glucose to
decrease blood glucose levels
Glucagon ANSWERS Production site- Pancreas, alpha cells in islets of
Langerhans
12 Questions and Answers
Nervous System ANSWERS Exerts control by the transmission of nerve impulses
to and from the various tissues
Exocrine Glands ANSWERS Glands that secrete into a duct that carries secretion
to the body's surface or cavity
E.g. sweat or mucous glands
Endocrine System ANSWERS Influences the activity of cells by releasing
chemical messengers/hormones concerned with maintaining homeostasis
Hormone ANSWERS A protein, amine, or steroid molecule that acts as a chemical
messenger to target cells. They are secreted from endocrine glands into the
bloodstream and are carried to the target cells which are often at a site distant from their
production
Fever: Effects ANSWERS Inhibits the reproduction of some bacteria and viruses,
also increase metabolism (body repairs) and immune reactions
Bacteriostatic Antibiotics ANSWERS Do not kill the bacteria but do inhibit protein
synthesis.
Bactericidal Antibiotics ANSWERS Destroy the cell's wall and membrane
Antivirals ANSWERS Some prevent viruses entering the cells, others prevent the
virus from releasing its DNA or RNA into the cell nucleus or prevent it splicing its genetic
material into the host DNA
Natural Immunity ANSWERS Gained from natural processes such as developing
immunity to a disease contracted or gaining temporary immunity through placenta.
Target Cells/Organs ANSWERS Cells/organs which respond to stimulation by a
hormone
E.g. prolactin's target cells are the milk-producing cells of the breast
Hypothalamus ANSWERS Endocrine gland:
- located at the base of the brain
-regulates many bodily functions (temperature, water balance, heart rate)
, - many functions carried out through pituitary gland; anterior is joined to hypothalamus
through infundibulum; posterior is joined to hypothalamus through nerve fibres that pass
through infundibulum
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) ANSWERS Porduction site- Anterior pituitary
Target organ- Thyroid
Effect- Thyroid produces thyroxine
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) ANSWERS Production site- Anterior
pituitary
Target organ- Adrenal cortex
Effect- Produces hormones of the adrenal cortex, glucocorticoids
Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH) ANSWERS Production site- Posterior pituitary,
produced in hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary
Target organ- Kidneys, cells of collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubule
Effect- Water reabsorption when body water levels low
Thyroxine ANSWERS Production site- Thyroid
Target cells- Body cells
Effect- Speeds up chemical reactions
Adrenaline ANSWERS Production site- Adrenal medulla
Target organs- liver, heart, arterioles, bronchioles and sweat glands
Effect- Prepares body for flight of fight in similar way to sympathetic nervous system
Noradrenaline ANSWERS Production site- Adrenal medulla
Target organs- Liver, heart, arterioles, bronchioles and sweat glands
Effect- Prepares body for fight or flight in a similar way to sympathetic nervous system
Aldosterone ANSWERS Production site- Adrenal cortex
Target cells/organ- Kidneys, nephron
Effect- Increased reabsorption of sodium ions and water and increased secretion of
potassium ions
Cortisol ANSWERS Production site- Adrenal cortex
Target organ- Liver
Effect- Stimulation of gluconeogenesis
Insulin ANSWERS Production site- Pancreas, beta cells in islets of Langerhans
Target cells/organ- Liver and muscle, fat cells and other body cells
Effect- Stimulation of glycogenesis and stimulates the uptake of blood glucose to
decrease blood glucose levels
Glucagon ANSWERS Production site- Pancreas, alpha cells in islets of
Langerhans
