1
HISTORY
GRADE 12
TERM 1
@IMPAQ T1_2024, DBE_Limpopo/March2024, DBE_Limpopo/March2023
CONTENT
SOURCE BASED
1. How did foreign powers get involved in the Angolan civil war from 1975?
2. How did the division of Berlin heighten cold war tensions between western
powers and the soviet union in the late-1940s?
3. How did ethnic divisions in Angola shape the composition of its liberation
movements in the 1970s?
4. How did the march on Washington uplift the profile of Martin Luther King Jr and
the civil rights movement on 28 August 1963
ESSAYS
1. Analyse Mobutu Sese Seko’s political, social, and economic policies after 1965
and his impact on the people of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the
Congo [DRC], also known as the Congo).
2. THE EXTENSION OF THE COLD WAR: CASE STUDY – VIETNAM. The United States of
America successfully fought a strategic war of phases against the Vietcong in
Vietnam between 1957 and 1975. Do you agree with the statement? Use
relevant evidence to support your line of argument.
3. INDEPENDENT AFRICA: CASE STUDY – THE CONGO. Mobutu Sese Seko's political,
economic, social and cultural policies that were introduced in the Congo after
attaining independence from Belgian colonial rule in the 1960s, gave a new
breath of life to the Congolese. Critically discuss this statement.
4. CIVIL SOCIETY PROTESTS FROM THE 1950s TO THE 1970s: THE BLACK POWER
MOVEMENT. Explain to what extent the Black Power philosophy managed to
@Juffrou_Ansie
, 2
bring discrimination against African Americans to an end in the United States of
America in the 1960s.
HOW DID FOREIGN POWERS GET INVOLVED IN THE ANGOLAN CIVIL WAR FROM 1975?
The source below, written by FA Guimaraes, outlines how the collapse of an
authoritarian rule in Portugal led to the end of colonialism in Angola and resulted in a
power struggle among three liberation movements in 1975. @IMPAQ T1_2024
The overthrow of the authoritarian regime in Portugal on 25 April 1974 was the
beginning of the end of colonialism in Angola. Over ten years of anti-colonial warfare
against the Portuguese had not brought independence to Angola. On 15 January
1975, at Alvor in southern Portugal, the three movements signed an independence
agreement with Portugal that promised peace and a workable political future for
Angola.
The Alvor Agreement empowered a transitional government to administer Angola
from 31 January 1975 until elections, which would be held later that year to
determine a new government. The new authorities would then accept the formal
transfer of power from the Portuguese on 11 November 1975. The transitional
government consisted of a troika (trio) of presidency of the three movements, a
defence council and a cabinet. As the year progressed, the short-lived agreement
between the rival movements was broken by sporadic fighting. The Popular
Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) was the movement most favoured by
this chaos. The role that fell to Portugal during the transitional period was supposed to
be one of neutrality, but the overwhelming impression was, however, that the
Portuguese administration was biased and favoured the MPLA at the expense of the
other movements.
When the Portuguese flag was lowered over Angola for the last time on 10 November
1975, the High Commissioner transferred sovereignty (control) to all Angolans and not
to any one movement in particular. The rivalry for ascendency (dominance) among
them now emerged as a priority. The movements now sought aid exclusively to
support their positions against each other. The April coup (overthrowing of the
government) in Lisbon brought out in the open the political struggle for power
between the Angolan movements.
(Source: The Origins of the Angolan Civil War by FA Guimaraes)
The event, according to the source, that led to the ‘beginning of the end of colonialism’
in Angola in 1974:
‘The overthrow of the authoritarian regime in Portugal, on 25 April 1974’
The concept of colonialism in the context of control of Angola in 1974
@Juffrou_Ansie
, 3
A political system in which Portugal (a major power) had political and economic
control over Angola as its colony
The FOUR parties that signed the Alvor Agreement.
MPLA, FNLA, UNITA and Portugal
Why the three liberation movements failed to adhere to The independence agreement
the Alvor Agreement. wat signed on 15 January
1975 at Alvor in (southern)
• They had ideological (communism and capitalism)
Portugal
and ethnic differences.
• They thought that they could govern Angola by
themselves.
• Their leaders did not ‘trust’ each other.
• There was a feeling that Portugal favoured the MPLA.
____________________________________________________
The extract below focuses on why the United States of America (USA) became involved
in the Angolan Civil War in 1975. @IMPAQ T1_2024
The Soviet Union and Cuba doubled down on (increased) their defence of the MPLA
government. The Soviets amped up their economic aid, while the Cubans initially
committed about 15 000 ground troops to the region, a number that rose to nearly
36 000 within the year.
The United States' intervention in Angola was heavily shaped by several factors. First,
much like in Vietnam, American leaders, such as Secretary of State Henry Kissinger,
believed that a communist takeover in Angola would lead to a domino effect in the
rest of southern Africa. If Angola fell, it was feared that the Soviets, Cuba, and to a
lesser extent China, would feel bold enough to inspire revolution that was Pan-African
and communist in nature, rather than nation-based and capitalist-oriented,
throughout the African continent.
Second, offshore of the northern half of the country lay enormous oil fields. Neither
the United States nor the Soviet Union wanted such reserves to fall into the other's
hands. Angolan oil could potentially benefit both nations economically and could
also help cut costs of military operations in the continent should they arise in the
future.
Third, the CIA feared that the Soviet Union was attempting to establish a military base
in Angola. Such a concern was based on historical evidence. The Soviets had
backed a 1977 coup led by former Interior Minister of Angola, Nito Alves. Although
Alves was eventually executed by Neto following the Nitista (a name given to the
followers of Alves) coup, American officials knew that the Angolan Civil War served as
a real threat to its interests throughout all of Africa.
(Source: bit.ly/3vaLyh3)
@Juffrou_Ansie
, 4
1. The TWO countries in the source that decided to defend the MPLA government
‘The Soviet Union’ & ‘Cuba
2. The reasons for the USA’s involvement in the Angolan Civil War mentioned in the
source.
• ‘First, the belief that a communist takeover in Angola would lead to a domino
effect on the rest of southern Africa.’
• ‘Second, the United States did not want the country’s enormous oil fields to fall
into the Russian hands.’
• ‘Third, the CIA feared that the Soviet Union was attempting to establish a
military base in Angola.’
3. The context of the Cold War in Angola, explain the term ‘domino effect’.
A theory/belief that if Angola fell to communism, then all other neighbouring
countries in southern Africa would one by one also become communist
4. The extent of the USA’s involvement in Angola.
• The USA supplied aid and training for both the FNLA and UNITA in Angola.
• The USA had encouraged and supported South African intervention in Angola.
• The USA refuse to recognise the MPLA government in Angola up until the 1990s.
___________________________________________________________
The extract below focuses on the reasons for South Africa's involvement in the Civil War
in Angola. @IMPAQ T1_2024
Relations between South Africa and Angola changed dramatically as a result of the
Lisbon coup of late April 1974. Although the Portuguese remained in nominal control
of Angola until 11 November 1975, the country was soon violently split apart by civil
war and external intervention. The South African government no longer had a friendly
neighbour there and was now faced with the prospect of a hostile government in
Luanda once the country became independent, one that would give aid and
support to SWAPO and would provide bases at which MK cadres (communist
activists) could be trained before returning to fight in South Africa.
On 11 November 1975 in Luanda the MPLA proclaimed itself to be the government of
an independent Angola. The US failed to prevent what it saw as a puppet party of
the Soviet Union coming to power. The large Cuban military force now stationed in
Angola was also seen by both the US and the South Africans as working under the
orders of Moscow and as an agent of Soviet expansionism.
To the South African government, the arrival of the Cubans, more than the advent
(arrival) of the MPLA regime, meant a major new threat had developed in a country
in the region in which it saw itself as hegemonic (dominant).
@Juffrou_Ansie
HISTORY
GRADE 12
TERM 1
@IMPAQ T1_2024, DBE_Limpopo/March2024, DBE_Limpopo/March2023
CONTENT
SOURCE BASED
1. How did foreign powers get involved in the Angolan civil war from 1975?
2. How did the division of Berlin heighten cold war tensions between western
powers and the soviet union in the late-1940s?
3. How did ethnic divisions in Angola shape the composition of its liberation
movements in the 1970s?
4. How did the march on Washington uplift the profile of Martin Luther King Jr and
the civil rights movement on 28 August 1963
ESSAYS
1. Analyse Mobutu Sese Seko’s political, social, and economic policies after 1965
and his impact on the people of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the
Congo [DRC], also known as the Congo).
2. THE EXTENSION OF THE COLD WAR: CASE STUDY – VIETNAM. The United States of
America successfully fought a strategic war of phases against the Vietcong in
Vietnam between 1957 and 1975. Do you agree with the statement? Use
relevant evidence to support your line of argument.
3. INDEPENDENT AFRICA: CASE STUDY – THE CONGO. Mobutu Sese Seko's political,
economic, social and cultural policies that were introduced in the Congo after
attaining independence from Belgian colonial rule in the 1960s, gave a new
breath of life to the Congolese. Critically discuss this statement.
4. CIVIL SOCIETY PROTESTS FROM THE 1950s TO THE 1970s: THE BLACK POWER
MOVEMENT. Explain to what extent the Black Power philosophy managed to
@Juffrou_Ansie
, 2
bring discrimination against African Americans to an end in the United States of
America in the 1960s.
HOW DID FOREIGN POWERS GET INVOLVED IN THE ANGOLAN CIVIL WAR FROM 1975?
The source below, written by FA Guimaraes, outlines how the collapse of an
authoritarian rule in Portugal led to the end of colonialism in Angola and resulted in a
power struggle among three liberation movements in 1975. @IMPAQ T1_2024
The overthrow of the authoritarian regime in Portugal on 25 April 1974 was the
beginning of the end of colonialism in Angola. Over ten years of anti-colonial warfare
against the Portuguese had not brought independence to Angola. On 15 January
1975, at Alvor in southern Portugal, the three movements signed an independence
agreement with Portugal that promised peace and a workable political future for
Angola.
The Alvor Agreement empowered a transitional government to administer Angola
from 31 January 1975 until elections, which would be held later that year to
determine a new government. The new authorities would then accept the formal
transfer of power from the Portuguese on 11 November 1975. The transitional
government consisted of a troika (trio) of presidency of the three movements, a
defence council and a cabinet. As the year progressed, the short-lived agreement
between the rival movements was broken by sporadic fighting. The Popular
Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) was the movement most favoured by
this chaos. The role that fell to Portugal during the transitional period was supposed to
be one of neutrality, but the overwhelming impression was, however, that the
Portuguese administration was biased and favoured the MPLA at the expense of the
other movements.
When the Portuguese flag was lowered over Angola for the last time on 10 November
1975, the High Commissioner transferred sovereignty (control) to all Angolans and not
to any one movement in particular. The rivalry for ascendency (dominance) among
them now emerged as a priority. The movements now sought aid exclusively to
support their positions against each other. The April coup (overthrowing of the
government) in Lisbon brought out in the open the political struggle for power
between the Angolan movements.
(Source: The Origins of the Angolan Civil War by FA Guimaraes)
The event, according to the source, that led to the ‘beginning of the end of colonialism’
in Angola in 1974:
‘The overthrow of the authoritarian regime in Portugal, on 25 April 1974’
The concept of colonialism in the context of control of Angola in 1974
@Juffrou_Ansie
, 3
A political system in which Portugal (a major power) had political and economic
control over Angola as its colony
The FOUR parties that signed the Alvor Agreement.
MPLA, FNLA, UNITA and Portugal
Why the three liberation movements failed to adhere to The independence agreement
the Alvor Agreement. wat signed on 15 January
1975 at Alvor in (southern)
• They had ideological (communism and capitalism)
Portugal
and ethnic differences.
• They thought that they could govern Angola by
themselves.
• Their leaders did not ‘trust’ each other.
• There was a feeling that Portugal favoured the MPLA.
____________________________________________________
The extract below focuses on why the United States of America (USA) became involved
in the Angolan Civil War in 1975. @IMPAQ T1_2024
The Soviet Union and Cuba doubled down on (increased) their defence of the MPLA
government. The Soviets amped up their economic aid, while the Cubans initially
committed about 15 000 ground troops to the region, a number that rose to nearly
36 000 within the year.
The United States' intervention in Angola was heavily shaped by several factors. First,
much like in Vietnam, American leaders, such as Secretary of State Henry Kissinger,
believed that a communist takeover in Angola would lead to a domino effect in the
rest of southern Africa. If Angola fell, it was feared that the Soviets, Cuba, and to a
lesser extent China, would feel bold enough to inspire revolution that was Pan-African
and communist in nature, rather than nation-based and capitalist-oriented,
throughout the African continent.
Second, offshore of the northern half of the country lay enormous oil fields. Neither
the United States nor the Soviet Union wanted such reserves to fall into the other's
hands. Angolan oil could potentially benefit both nations economically and could
also help cut costs of military operations in the continent should they arise in the
future.
Third, the CIA feared that the Soviet Union was attempting to establish a military base
in Angola. Such a concern was based on historical evidence. The Soviets had
backed a 1977 coup led by former Interior Minister of Angola, Nito Alves. Although
Alves was eventually executed by Neto following the Nitista (a name given to the
followers of Alves) coup, American officials knew that the Angolan Civil War served as
a real threat to its interests throughout all of Africa.
(Source: bit.ly/3vaLyh3)
@Juffrou_Ansie
, 4
1. The TWO countries in the source that decided to defend the MPLA government
‘The Soviet Union’ & ‘Cuba
2. The reasons for the USA’s involvement in the Angolan Civil War mentioned in the
source.
• ‘First, the belief that a communist takeover in Angola would lead to a domino
effect on the rest of southern Africa.’
• ‘Second, the United States did not want the country’s enormous oil fields to fall
into the Russian hands.’
• ‘Third, the CIA feared that the Soviet Union was attempting to establish a
military base in Angola.’
3. The context of the Cold War in Angola, explain the term ‘domino effect’.
A theory/belief that if Angola fell to communism, then all other neighbouring
countries in southern Africa would one by one also become communist
4. The extent of the USA’s involvement in Angola.
• The USA supplied aid and training for both the FNLA and UNITA in Angola.
• The USA had encouraged and supported South African intervention in Angola.
• The USA refuse to recognise the MPLA government in Angola up until the 1990s.
___________________________________________________________
The extract below focuses on the reasons for South Africa's involvement in the Civil War
in Angola. @IMPAQ T1_2024
Relations between South Africa and Angola changed dramatically as a result of the
Lisbon coup of late April 1974. Although the Portuguese remained in nominal control
of Angola until 11 November 1975, the country was soon violently split apart by civil
war and external intervention. The South African government no longer had a friendly
neighbour there and was now faced with the prospect of a hostile government in
Luanda once the country became independent, one that would give aid and
support to SWAPO and would provide bases at which MK cadres (communist
activists) could be trained before returning to fight in South Africa.
On 11 November 1975 in Luanda the MPLA proclaimed itself to be the government of
an independent Angola. The US failed to prevent what it saw as a puppet party of
the Soviet Union coming to power. The large Cuban military force now stationed in
Angola was also seen by both the US and the South Africans as working under the
orders of Moscow and as an agent of Soviet expansionism.
To the South African government, the arrival of the Cubans, more than the advent
(arrival) of the MPLA regime, meant a major new threat had developed in a country
in the region in which it saw itself as hegemonic (dominant).
@Juffrou_Ansie
