BCH 010 Nutrition Final Exam Study
Guide 2025/2026
vitamin - ANSWER a complex organic compon
Vitamin A, D, E, K
stored in the liver/body fat - ANSWER fat soluble vitamins
B vitamins and vitamin C - ANSWER water soluble vitamins
sources of vitamins - ANSWER natural, synthetic, enrichment, fortification
Vitamin Enrichment - ANSWER addition of specific amounts of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin,
folic acid, and the mineral iron to refined flour and milled grains
fortification - ANSWER the addition of nutrients to foods
retinol - ANSWER an active, alcohol form of vitamin A that plays an important role in
healthy vision and immune function
rod - ANSWER night vision
cones - ANSWER color vision
pholospin - ANSWER protein need for vision in dim light, contain retinal
xecopathmia - ANSWER inability to wet cornea leads to dry eyes
Vitamin D - ANSWER needed for calcium absorption
Rickets - ANSWER Vitamin D deficiency in children
Osteoporosis - ANSWER A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break
easily.
Ostemalacia and rickets - ANSWER vitamin d defiency
oxidative damage - ANSWER caused when reactive oxygen molecules steal electrons
from other compounds, causing changes in their structure and function; heart disease
vitamin e - ANSWER Tocopherol
coenzyme - ANSWER An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function
as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions.
Thiamin (B1) - ANSWER helps release energy from carbohydrates and certain amino
, acids
Riboflavin (B2) - ANSWER essential for carbohydrate fat and protein metabolism.
Necessary for tissue maintenance. And healthy eyes
Niacin - ANSWER component of 2 conenzymes that participate in at less 200 metabolic
reaction
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) - ANSWER a water soluble vitamin; a coenzyme involved in
protein and amino acid metabolism
Protein - ANSWER An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino
acids and that is a principal component of all cells
structural proteins - ANSWER cartilage, ligaments, and bones
contractile proteins - ANSWER muscle contraction and movement; actin and myosin
Enzymes - ANSWER Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things
pigment proteins - ANSWER Melanin determine color of eyes, hair, and skin
clotting proteins - ANSWER cause blood to clot
transport proteins - ANSWER hemoglobin and membrane proteins
amino acids - ANSWER building blocks of proteins
essential amino acids - ANSWER Amino acids that are needed, but cannot be made by
the body; they must be eatin in foods
nonessential amino acids - ANSWER amino acids that can be manufactured by the body
in sufficient quantities and therefore do not need to be consumed regularly in our diet
high quality protein - ANSWER protein that contains all 9 essential amino acids
low quality protein - ANSWER dietary proteins that are low in or lack one or more
essential amino acids
limiting amino acid - ANSWER the essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food
or diet relative to body needs
peptide bond - ANSWER links amino acids together
protein turnover - ANSWER the continuous breakdown and synthesis of body proteins
involving the recycling of amino acids
allergy - ANSWER a specific reaction of the immune system to a foreign and frequently
harmless substance
allergen - ANSWER a substance that causes an allergic reaction
Guide 2025/2026
vitamin - ANSWER a complex organic compon
Vitamin A, D, E, K
stored in the liver/body fat - ANSWER fat soluble vitamins
B vitamins and vitamin C - ANSWER water soluble vitamins
sources of vitamins - ANSWER natural, synthetic, enrichment, fortification
Vitamin Enrichment - ANSWER addition of specific amounts of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin,
folic acid, and the mineral iron to refined flour and milled grains
fortification - ANSWER the addition of nutrients to foods
retinol - ANSWER an active, alcohol form of vitamin A that plays an important role in
healthy vision and immune function
rod - ANSWER night vision
cones - ANSWER color vision
pholospin - ANSWER protein need for vision in dim light, contain retinal
xecopathmia - ANSWER inability to wet cornea leads to dry eyes
Vitamin D - ANSWER needed for calcium absorption
Rickets - ANSWER Vitamin D deficiency in children
Osteoporosis - ANSWER A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break
easily.
Ostemalacia and rickets - ANSWER vitamin d defiency
oxidative damage - ANSWER caused when reactive oxygen molecules steal electrons
from other compounds, causing changes in their structure and function; heart disease
vitamin e - ANSWER Tocopherol
coenzyme - ANSWER An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function
as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions.
Thiamin (B1) - ANSWER helps release energy from carbohydrates and certain amino
, acids
Riboflavin (B2) - ANSWER essential for carbohydrate fat and protein metabolism.
Necessary for tissue maintenance. And healthy eyes
Niacin - ANSWER component of 2 conenzymes that participate in at less 200 metabolic
reaction
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) - ANSWER a water soluble vitamin; a coenzyme involved in
protein and amino acid metabolism
Protein - ANSWER An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino
acids and that is a principal component of all cells
structural proteins - ANSWER cartilage, ligaments, and bones
contractile proteins - ANSWER muscle contraction and movement; actin and myosin
Enzymes - ANSWER Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things
pigment proteins - ANSWER Melanin determine color of eyes, hair, and skin
clotting proteins - ANSWER cause blood to clot
transport proteins - ANSWER hemoglobin and membrane proteins
amino acids - ANSWER building blocks of proteins
essential amino acids - ANSWER Amino acids that are needed, but cannot be made by
the body; they must be eatin in foods
nonessential amino acids - ANSWER amino acids that can be manufactured by the body
in sufficient quantities and therefore do not need to be consumed regularly in our diet
high quality protein - ANSWER protein that contains all 9 essential amino acids
low quality protein - ANSWER dietary proteins that are low in or lack one or more
essential amino acids
limiting amino acid - ANSWER the essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food
or diet relative to body needs
peptide bond - ANSWER links amino acids together
protein turnover - ANSWER the continuous breakdown and synthesis of body proteins
involving the recycling of amino acids
allergy - ANSWER a specific reaction of the immune system to a foreign and frequently
harmless substance
allergen - ANSWER a substance that causes an allergic reaction
