Craniofacial anomalies (CFA) are a diverse group of defo
in the growth of the head and facial bones
caused by more than one factor, which include the follow
• Combination of genes: A child may receive a pa icular
combination of gene(s) from one or both parents, or there
change in the genes at the time of conception, which res
• Environmental
*Cle lip and/or cle palate: A separation that occurs in t
or the palate, or both. Cle lip and cle palate are the mo
CFA seen at bi h.
• Cle lip: An abnormality in which the lip does not
completely form
• Cle palate: Occurs when the roof of the mouth does n
completely close, leaving a communication into the nasal
• Craniosynostosis: A condition in which the sutures in the
skull of an infant close too early, causing problems with no
, • Hemifacial microsomia: A condition in which the tissue
one side of the face are underdeveloped, affecting prima
mouth, and jaw. Sometimes, both sides of the face can b
may involve the skull as well as the face. Hemifacial micr
known as Goldenhar syndrome, brachial arch syndrome,
facio-auriculove ebral syndrome, oculo-auriculove ebra
lateral facial dysplasia
• Vascular malformation: A bi hmark or a growth, presen
bi h, is composed of blood vessels that can cause functi
problems
hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, and a eriovenous aneur
• Deformational (or positional) plagiocephaly: A misshape
(asymmetrical) shape of the head (cranium) from repeate
to the same area of the head. Plagiocephaly literally mean
head
,Agnathia is a lethal anomaly characterized by hypoplasia
the mandible with abnormally positioned ears having an
recessive mode of inheritance. More commonly, only a po
jaw is missing. In the case of the maxilla, this may be one
process or even the premaxilla. Pa ial absence of the man
more common. The entire mandible on one side may be m
means a small jaw, and either the maxilla or the mandib
positioning or an abnormal relation of one jaw to the othe
which produces the illusion of micrognathia.
True micrognathia may be classified as either congenital o
etiology of the congenital type is unknown
, associated with other congenital abnormalities including
hea disease and the Pierre Robin syndrome
Micrognathia of the maxilla frequently occurs due to pre
deficiency
has been suggested that mouth-breathing is a cause o
micrognathia
Agenesis of the condyles also results in a true mandibula
The acquired type of micrognathia is of postnatal origin a
results from a disturbance in the area of the temporoman
Ankylosis of the joint, for example, may be caused by trau
infection of the mastoid, of the middle ear, or of the joint
clinical appearance of mandibular micrognathia is charac
severe retrusion of the chin, a steep mandibular angle, an
chin bu on
CAUSES Pierre-Robin syndrome
• Hallerman-Steriff syndrome
• Trisomy 13
• Trisomy 18
• Turner syndrome
• Ma an syndrome
• Progeria
Micrognathia can be of two types:
A. Pseudomicrognathia
B. True micrognathia Pseudomicrognathia: It is a conditio
normal sized jawbone appears to look smaller when com
in the growth of the head and facial bones
caused by more than one factor, which include the follow
• Combination of genes: A child may receive a pa icular
combination of gene(s) from one or both parents, or there
change in the genes at the time of conception, which res
• Environmental
*Cle lip and/or cle palate: A separation that occurs in t
or the palate, or both. Cle lip and cle palate are the mo
CFA seen at bi h.
• Cle lip: An abnormality in which the lip does not
completely form
• Cle palate: Occurs when the roof of the mouth does n
completely close, leaving a communication into the nasal
• Craniosynostosis: A condition in which the sutures in the
skull of an infant close too early, causing problems with no
, • Hemifacial microsomia: A condition in which the tissue
one side of the face are underdeveloped, affecting prima
mouth, and jaw. Sometimes, both sides of the face can b
may involve the skull as well as the face. Hemifacial micr
known as Goldenhar syndrome, brachial arch syndrome,
facio-auriculove ebral syndrome, oculo-auriculove ebra
lateral facial dysplasia
• Vascular malformation: A bi hmark or a growth, presen
bi h, is composed of blood vessels that can cause functi
problems
hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, and a eriovenous aneur
• Deformational (or positional) plagiocephaly: A misshape
(asymmetrical) shape of the head (cranium) from repeate
to the same area of the head. Plagiocephaly literally mean
head
,Agnathia is a lethal anomaly characterized by hypoplasia
the mandible with abnormally positioned ears having an
recessive mode of inheritance. More commonly, only a po
jaw is missing. In the case of the maxilla, this may be one
process or even the premaxilla. Pa ial absence of the man
more common. The entire mandible on one side may be m
means a small jaw, and either the maxilla or the mandib
positioning or an abnormal relation of one jaw to the othe
which produces the illusion of micrognathia.
True micrognathia may be classified as either congenital o
etiology of the congenital type is unknown
, associated with other congenital abnormalities including
hea disease and the Pierre Robin syndrome
Micrognathia of the maxilla frequently occurs due to pre
deficiency
has been suggested that mouth-breathing is a cause o
micrognathia
Agenesis of the condyles also results in a true mandibula
The acquired type of micrognathia is of postnatal origin a
results from a disturbance in the area of the temporoman
Ankylosis of the joint, for example, may be caused by trau
infection of the mastoid, of the middle ear, or of the joint
clinical appearance of mandibular micrognathia is charac
severe retrusion of the chin, a steep mandibular angle, an
chin bu on
CAUSES Pierre-Robin syndrome
• Hallerman-Steriff syndrome
• Trisomy 13
• Trisomy 18
• Turner syndrome
• Ma an syndrome
• Progeria
Micrognathia can be of two types:
A. Pseudomicrognathia
B. True micrognathia Pseudomicrognathia: It is a conditio
normal sized jawbone appears to look smaller when com
