NCTI ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW:
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE FOR SUCCESS!
AV (atrioventricular) valves - Answer-right is the tricuspid valve and the left is bicuspid valve
phases of the cardiac cycle - Answer-The cardiac cycle is essentially split into two phases, systole (the
contraction phase) and diastole (the relaxation phase). Each of these is then further divided into an atrial
and ventricular component.
Systole vs diastole - Answer-Systole is the phase when the heart contracts. During this phase, it squeezes
out blood to the rest of the body. Diastole is the phase when the heart relaxes. During this phase, it fills
up with blood to prepare for its next beat.
inotropic effect - Answer-change in myocardial contraction that is not caused by stretch of the
myocardial fibers
chronotropic effect - Answer-any change in the heart rate. positive change = increased heart rate.
negative change = decreased heart rate
dromotropic effect - Answer-change of speed at which the cardiac impulse travels through the SA node
to the AV node to the HIS purkinje system
preload - Answer-amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole, increased preload stretches
the ventricles
afterload - Answer-the amount of pressure that the heart needs to exert to eject the blood during
ventricular contraction. This is recorded as the systolic pressure of the heart.
, sodium potassium pump - Answer-Active transport is the energy-requiring process of pumping
molecules and ions across membranes against a concentration gradient.
The sodium-potassium pump is an active transport pump that exchanges sodium ions for potassium
ions.
Mediastinum - Answer-area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, venae cavae, esophagus, and
trachea
average blood volume - Answer-5 liters
Arteries vs. Veins - Answer-- Arteries are thicker and carry blood away from heart.
- Veins bring blood to the heart
Major arteries - Answer-Coronary arteries: Heart.
Carotid arteries: Brain, head, face and neck.
Vertebral arteries: Brain and spine.
Iliac arteries: Pelvis.
Femoral artery: Legs.
Subclavian arteries: Head, neck and arms.
Celiac and mesenteric arteries: Digestive system.
components of blood - Answer-55% plasma, 45% red blood cells, < 1% white blood cells platelets
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE FOR SUCCESS!
AV (atrioventricular) valves - Answer-right is the tricuspid valve and the left is bicuspid valve
phases of the cardiac cycle - Answer-The cardiac cycle is essentially split into two phases, systole (the
contraction phase) and diastole (the relaxation phase). Each of these is then further divided into an atrial
and ventricular component.
Systole vs diastole - Answer-Systole is the phase when the heart contracts. During this phase, it squeezes
out blood to the rest of the body. Diastole is the phase when the heart relaxes. During this phase, it fills
up with blood to prepare for its next beat.
inotropic effect - Answer-change in myocardial contraction that is not caused by stretch of the
myocardial fibers
chronotropic effect - Answer-any change in the heart rate. positive change = increased heart rate.
negative change = decreased heart rate
dromotropic effect - Answer-change of speed at which the cardiac impulse travels through the SA node
to the AV node to the HIS purkinje system
preload - Answer-amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole, increased preload stretches
the ventricles
afterload - Answer-the amount of pressure that the heart needs to exert to eject the blood during
ventricular contraction. This is recorded as the systolic pressure of the heart.
, sodium potassium pump - Answer-Active transport is the energy-requiring process of pumping
molecules and ions across membranes against a concentration gradient.
The sodium-potassium pump is an active transport pump that exchanges sodium ions for potassium
ions.
Mediastinum - Answer-area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, venae cavae, esophagus, and
trachea
average blood volume - Answer-5 liters
Arteries vs. Veins - Answer-- Arteries are thicker and carry blood away from heart.
- Veins bring blood to the heart
Major arteries - Answer-Coronary arteries: Heart.
Carotid arteries: Brain, head, face and neck.
Vertebral arteries: Brain and spine.
Iliac arteries: Pelvis.
Femoral artery: Legs.
Subclavian arteries: Head, neck and arms.
Celiac and mesenteric arteries: Digestive system.
components of blood - Answer-55% plasma, 45% red blood cells, < 1% white blood cells platelets
