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Cells and the Immune System
Created @February 12, 2025 9:04 PM
Class Cells to Systems
Immune Response
Generated by antigens
Found on cell surfaces
Used by immune system to identify foreign substances/cells e.g toxins/
pathogens etc
Immune Response Stages
Phagocyte Engulf Pathogens
Phagocyte (WBC) detects pathogen’s antigen
Phagocytic cytoplasm swallows pathogen
Now contained in phagocytic vacuole
Lysosomes fuses with vacuole and breaks down pathogen
Phagocyte displays antigen and places it on own (Phagocyte) surface
activating immune system cells
T-cell Activation
Activated when T-cell (WBC) binds with complimentary antigen with its
receptor proteins
Different T-cells have different responses
Cells and the Immune System 1
, B-cell Activation and Plasma Cell Conversion
B-cells (WBC) covered with antibody proteins
The proteins binds antigens together creating antigen- antibody
complex
Different antibodies have various shapes to bind with different shaped
antigens
Activated B- cell splits into plasma cells
Clonal Selection
B-cell antibody binds to complimentary antigen and uses helper T-
cells to activate the B-cell
Antigen Production for Specific Antigen
Plasma cells are clones of B-cells
Monoclonal Antibodies
Antibodies secreted for particular antigen
Binds to antigens on pathogen to produce many antigen-antibody
complexes
Antibody has two binding sites allowing two pathogens to
simultaneously bind
Aggulination
Pathogens clumping together in the binding process
Phagocytes bind to antibodies and puts pathogens through
phagocytosis killing lots of pathogens
Antibodies
Type of protein, made of amino acid chains
Type of antibody depends on variable regions that made antigen binding
sites
Cells and the Immune System 2
Cells and the Immune System
Created @February 12, 2025 9:04 PM
Class Cells to Systems
Immune Response
Generated by antigens
Found on cell surfaces
Used by immune system to identify foreign substances/cells e.g toxins/
pathogens etc
Immune Response Stages
Phagocyte Engulf Pathogens
Phagocyte (WBC) detects pathogen’s antigen
Phagocytic cytoplasm swallows pathogen
Now contained in phagocytic vacuole
Lysosomes fuses with vacuole and breaks down pathogen
Phagocyte displays antigen and places it on own (Phagocyte) surface
activating immune system cells
T-cell Activation
Activated when T-cell (WBC) binds with complimentary antigen with its
receptor proteins
Different T-cells have different responses
Cells and the Immune System 1
, B-cell Activation and Plasma Cell Conversion
B-cells (WBC) covered with antibody proteins
The proteins binds antigens together creating antigen- antibody
complex
Different antibodies have various shapes to bind with different shaped
antigens
Activated B- cell splits into plasma cells
Clonal Selection
B-cell antibody binds to complimentary antigen and uses helper T-
cells to activate the B-cell
Antigen Production for Specific Antigen
Plasma cells are clones of B-cells
Monoclonal Antibodies
Antibodies secreted for particular antigen
Binds to antigens on pathogen to produce many antigen-antibody
complexes
Antibody has two binding sites allowing two pathogens to
simultaneously bind
Aggulination
Pathogens clumping together in the binding process
Phagocytes bind to antibodies and puts pathogens through
phagocytosis killing lots of pathogens
Antibodies
Type of protein, made of amino acid chains
Type of antibody depends on variable regions that made antigen binding
sites
Cells and the Immune System 2
