zoology exam 2 questions with correct
answers
Describe in brief detail the life cycle of Plasmodium - Answer-sexual cycle:
1. ingested gametocytes (female and male)
2. fertilization
3. oocysts beneath stomach lining
4. sporogony occurs
5. sporozoites develop in oocyst, are released, and migrate to the salivary glands
know what a disease vector is - Answer-an animal that transmits a pathogen from
one host to the next
Describe taxonomy and the hierarchy of taxonomic ranks - Answer-taxonomy - Study
of the principles of scientific classification; systematic ordering and naming of
organisms
hierarchy of taxonomic ranks -A scheme arranging organisms into a series of taxa of
increasing inclusiveness, as illustrated by Linnaean classification
Know how genus and species should be correctly written. Be able to distinguish
between the genus name and the species epithet - Answer-first word (noun) = genus
second word (adjective) = species epithet
- Homo (genus) sapiens (species epithet)
- sitta (genus) carolinensis (species epithet) = white breasted nuthatch
- poecile (genus) carolinensis (species epithet) = carolina chickadee
- anolis (genus) carolinensis (species epithet) = lizard
Briefly describe the 4 different species concepts - Answer-Typological Species
Concept - The discredited, pre-Darwinian notion that species are classes defined by
the presence of fixed, unchanging characters (= "essence") shared by all members
Biological Species Concept - Defines species as a reproductive community of
populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific niche in
nature
Evolutionary Species Concepts - Defines species as a single lineage of ancestral-
descendant populations that maintains its identity from other such lineages and has
its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate; differs from the biological species
concept by explicitly including a time dimension and including asexual lineages
Phylogenetic Species Concept - Defines species as an irreducible (basal) cluster of
organisms, diagnosably distinct from other such clusters, and within which there is a
parental pattern of ancestry and descent
Explain the difference between an ancestral character and an evolutionarily derived
character, as well as define homology, homoplasy, synapomorphy, clade, nested
hierarchy, outgroup, etc - Answer-ancestral character - character found in common
ancestor of a group
derived character - characters that arose after the common ancestor of a group
,homology - character similarity that are results are shared ancestry/shared
evolutionary history
homoplasy - character similarity that ISN'T the result of shared evolutionary history
synapomorphy - Shared, evolutionarily derived character states that are used to
recover patterns of common descent among two or more species
clade - A taxon or other group consisting of an ancestral species and all of its
descendants, forming a distinct branch on a cladogram or phylogenetic tree
nested hierarchy - A pattern in which species are ordered into a series of
increasingly more inclusive clades according to the taxonomic distribution of
synapomorphies
outgroup - in phylogenetic systematic studies, a species or group of species closely
related to but not included within a taxon whose phylogeny is being studied, and
used to polarize variation of characters and to root the phylogenetic tree
Distinguish between traditional evolutionary taxonomy and phylogenetic systematics
(cladistics). Know the 3 forms of relationships (monophyletic, paraphyletic, and
polyphyletic), and which are accepted by each theory - Answer-evolutionary
taxonomy - A system of classification, formalized by George Gaylord Simpson, that
groups species into Linnaean higher taxa representing a hierarchy of distinct
adaptive zones; such taxa may be monophyletic or paraphyletic but not polyphyletic
cladistics - A system of arranging taxa by analysis of evolutionarily derived
characteristics so that the arrangement reflects phylogenetic relationships
monophyletic - includes common ancestor of a group and ALL the descendants of
the common ancestor (valid group in both cases)
paraphyletic - includes a common ancestor and SOME of the descendants of the
common ancestor (accepted by evolutionary)
polyphyletic - 2 separate evolutionary origins with that grouping (not accepted in both
cases)
monophyletic - Answer-includes common ancestor of a group and ALL the
descendants of the common ancestor (valid group in both cases)
paraphyletic - Answer-includes a common ancestor and SOME of the descendants
of the common ancestor (accepted by evolutionary)
polyphyletic - Answer-2 separate evolutionary origins with that grouping (not
accepted in both cases)
Know general features of phylum Porifera—comment on symmetry, tissue layers,
grade of organization, and body cavities - Answer-Multicellular; body an aggregation
of several types of cells differentiated for various functions, some of which are
,organized into incipient tissues with some integration. However, the pinacoderm
approaches a true tissue epithelium in homoscleromorph sponges.
Body with pores (ostia), canals, and chambers that form a unique system of water
currents on which sponges depend for food and oxygen
Mostly marine; all aquatic
Radial symmetry or none
Outer surface of flat pinacocytes; most interior surfaces lined with flagellated collar
cells (choanocytes) that create water currents; a gelatinous protein matrix called
mesohyl contains amebocytes of various types and skeletal elements
Skeletal structure of fibrillar collagen (a protein) and calcareous or siliceous
crystalline spicules, often combined with variously modified collagen (spongin); type
IV collagen, characteristic of other animals, occurs only in homoscleromorph
sponges.
No organs or true tissues; digestion intracellular; excretion and respiration by
diffusion
Reactions to stimuli apparently local and independent in cellular sponges, but
electrical signals in syncytial glass sponges; nervous system probably absent
All adults sessile and attached to substratum
Asexual reproduction by buds or gemmules and sexual reproduction by eggs and
sperm; free-swimming flagellated larvae in most
Know what serves as the basis for sponge classification - Answer-the presence or
composition of its spicules or spongin
Know the three main types of sponge cells, their function, and how they are
arranged. - Answer-Choanocytes:
- microvilli
- phagocytized (long tail moves water "flagellum")
- no tissues, organs, mouth, digestive tract
- intracellular digestion (no extracellular gut cavity)
- function:
-> also have a role in sexual reproduction and sexual reproduction
-> beating flagellum pulls water through the sievelike collar and forces water out
through the open top of the collar
Archaeocytes:
- ameboid in movement
- phagocytize: digesting nutrients
- differentiate
- cellular grade
- function:
, -> some secrete skeletal components (spicules)
-> some secrete the spongin fibers of the skeleton
-> some secrete collagen fibers
Pinacocytes:
- outside of cell
- pinacoderm pores
- cellular grade
- thin, flat, epithelial-like cells that cover the exterior surface and some interior
surfaces of a sponge
- function:
-> some contractile movement
-> can ingest food particles by phagocytosis at the sponge surface
-> they help to regulatethe rate of water flow
Explain how sponges acquire nutrients from their environment—what is absolutely
necessary for this to occur? Describe how the complexity of the canals contributes to
food acquisition - Answer-retrieve their nutrition from filtering the water that enters
their pores
-the food is captured by choanocytes and then food engulfed by the cells is passed
to a neighboring archaeocyte for digestion
- they break down and digest food; also deliver food to other cells
- the current of water which flows through the canal system brings the food and
oxygen and takes away the carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes and feces
Know general features of the diploblastic phyla Cnidaria (Pg. 267 inset)- comment on
symmetry, tissue layers, grade of organization, body cavities and distinguishing
characteristics - Answer-Cnidocytes present, typically housing stinging organelles
called nematocysts
Entirely aquatic, some in freshwater, but most marine
SYMMETRY:
Radial symmetry or biradial symmetry around a longitudinal axis with oral and aboral
ends; no definite head
GRADE OF ORGANIZATION:
cell tissue
BODY CAVITIES:
- diploblastic
consist of a mass of jelly, with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the
internal cavity
-> these layers are two cells deep
TISSUE LAYERS:
an outer ectoderm and an inner endoderm
Two types of individuals: polyps and medusae
answers
Describe in brief detail the life cycle of Plasmodium - Answer-sexual cycle:
1. ingested gametocytes (female and male)
2. fertilization
3. oocysts beneath stomach lining
4. sporogony occurs
5. sporozoites develop in oocyst, are released, and migrate to the salivary glands
know what a disease vector is - Answer-an animal that transmits a pathogen from
one host to the next
Describe taxonomy and the hierarchy of taxonomic ranks - Answer-taxonomy - Study
of the principles of scientific classification; systematic ordering and naming of
organisms
hierarchy of taxonomic ranks -A scheme arranging organisms into a series of taxa of
increasing inclusiveness, as illustrated by Linnaean classification
Know how genus and species should be correctly written. Be able to distinguish
between the genus name and the species epithet - Answer-first word (noun) = genus
second word (adjective) = species epithet
- Homo (genus) sapiens (species epithet)
- sitta (genus) carolinensis (species epithet) = white breasted nuthatch
- poecile (genus) carolinensis (species epithet) = carolina chickadee
- anolis (genus) carolinensis (species epithet) = lizard
Briefly describe the 4 different species concepts - Answer-Typological Species
Concept - The discredited, pre-Darwinian notion that species are classes defined by
the presence of fixed, unchanging characters (= "essence") shared by all members
Biological Species Concept - Defines species as a reproductive community of
populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific niche in
nature
Evolutionary Species Concepts - Defines species as a single lineage of ancestral-
descendant populations that maintains its identity from other such lineages and has
its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate; differs from the biological species
concept by explicitly including a time dimension and including asexual lineages
Phylogenetic Species Concept - Defines species as an irreducible (basal) cluster of
organisms, diagnosably distinct from other such clusters, and within which there is a
parental pattern of ancestry and descent
Explain the difference between an ancestral character and an evolutionarily derived
character, as well as define homology, homoplasy, synapomorphy, clade, nested
hierarchy, outgroup, etc - Answer-ancestral character - character found in common
ancestor of a group
derived character - characters that arose after the common ancestor of a group
,homology - character similarity that are results are shared ancestry/shared
evolutionary history
homoplasy - character similarity that ISN'T the result of shared evolutionary history
synapomorphy - Shared, evolutionarily derived character states that are used to
recover patterns of common descent among two or more species
clade - A taxon or other group consisting of an ancestral species and all of its
descendants, forming a distinct branch on a cladogram or phylogenetic tree
nested hierarchy - A pattern in which species are ordered into a series of
increasingly more inclusive clades according to the taxonomic distribution of
synapomorphies
outgroup - in phylogenetic systematic studies, a species or group of species closely
related to but not included within a taxon whose phylogeny is being studied, and
used to polarize variation of characters and to root the phylogenetic tree
Distinguish between traditional evolutionary taxonomy and phylogenetic systematics
(cladistics). Know the 3 forms of relationships (monophyletic, paraphyletic, and
polyphyletic), and which are accepted by each theory - Answer-evolutionary
taxonomy - A system of classification, formalized by George Gaylord Simpson, that
groups species into Linnaean higher taxa representing a hierarchy of distinct
adaptive zones; such taxa may be monophyletic or paraphyletic but not polyphyletic
cladistics - A system of arranging taxa by analysis of evolutionarily derived
characteristics so that the arrangement reflects phylogenetic relationships
monophyletic - includes common ancestor of a group and ALL the descendants of
the common ancestor (valid group in both cases)
paraphyletic - includes a common ancestor and SOME of the descendants of the
common ancestor (accepted by evolutionary)
polyphyletic - 2 separate evolutionary origins with that grouping (not accepted in both
cases)
monophyletic - Answer-includes common ancestor of a group and ALL the
descendants of the common ancestor (valid group in both cases)
paraphyletic - Answer-includes a common ancestor and SOME of the descendants
of the common ancestor (accepted by evolutionary)
polyphyletic - Answer-2 separate evolutionary origins with that grouping (not
accepted in both cases)
Know general features of phylum Porifera—comment on symmetry, tissue layers,
grade of organization, and body cavities - Answer-Multicellular; body an aggregation
of several types of cells differentiated for various functions, some of which are
,organized into incipient tissues with some integration. However, the pinacoderm
approaches a true tissue epithelium in homoscleromorph sponges.
Body with pores (ostia), canals, and chambers that form a unique system of water
currents on which sponges depend for food and oxygen
Mostly marine; all aquatic
Radial symmetry or none
Outer surface of flat pinacocytes; most interior surfaces lined with flagellated collar
cells (choanocytes) that create water currents; a gelatinous protein matrix called
mesohyl contains amebocytes of various types and skeletal elements
Skeletal structure of fibrillar collagen (a protein) and calcareous or siliceous
crystalline spicules, often combined with variously modified collagen (spongin); type
IV collagen, characteristic of other animals, occurs only in homoscleromorph
sponges.
No organs or true tissues; digestion intracellular; excretion and respiration by
diffusion
Reactions to stimuli apparently local and independent in cellular sponges, but
electrical signals in syncytial glass sponges; nervous system probably absent
All adults sessile and attached to substratum
Asexual reproduction by buds or gemmules and sexual reproduction by eggs and
sperm; free-swimming flagellated larvae in most
Know what serves as the basis for sponge classification - Answer-the presence or
composition of its spicules or spongin
Know the three main types of sponge cells, their function, and how they are
arranged. - Answer-Choanocytes:
- microvilli
- phagocytized (long tail moves water "flagellum")
- no tissues, organs, mouth, digestive tract
- intracellular digestion (no extracellular gut cavity)
- function:
-> also have a role in sexual reproduction and sexual reproduction
-> beating flagellum pulls water through the sievelike collar and forces water out
through the open top of the collar
Archaeocytes:
- ameboid in movement
- phagocytize: digesting nutrients
- differentiate
- cellular grade
- function:
, -> some secrete skeletal components (spicules)
-> some secrete the spongin fibers of the skeleton
-> some secrete collagen fibers
Pinacocytes:
- outside of cell
- pinacoderm pores
- cellular grade
- thin, flat, epithelial-like cells that cover the exterior surface and some interior
surfaces of a sponge
- function:
-> some contractile movement
-> can ingest food particles by phagocytosis at the sponge surface
-> they help to regulatethe rate of water flow
Explain how sponges acquire nutrients from their environment—what is absolutely
necessary for this to occur? Describe how the complexity of the canals contributes to
food acquisition - Answer-retrieve their nutrition from filtering the water that enters
their pores
-the food is captured by choanocytes and then food engulfed by the cells is passed
to a neighboring archaeocyte for digestion
- they break down and digest food; also deliver food to other cells
- the current of water which flows through the canal system brings the food and
oxygen and takes away the carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes and feces
Know general features of the diploblastic phyla Cnidaria (Pg. 267 inset)- comment on
symmetry, tissue layers, grade of organization, body cavities and distinguishing
characteristics - Answer-Cnidocytes present, typically housing stinging organelles
called nematocysts
Entirely aquatic, some in freshwater, but most marine
SYMMETRY:
Radial symmetry or biradial symmetry around a longitudinal axis with oral and aboral
ends; no definite head
GRADE OF ORGANIZATION:
cell tissue
BODY CAVITIES:
- diploblastic
consist of a mass of jelly, with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the
internal cavity
-> these layers are two cells deep
TISSUE LAYERS:
an outer ectoderm and an inner endoderm
Two types of individuals: polyps and medusae
