Major elements of the human body

Test bank for anatomy and physiology 2nd edition 2025 all chapters covered new version Exam based questions and guaranteed answers homeostasis - (ANS)refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment or "steady state"; for example if the body gets hot due to external temperature, the body maintains a steady state by circulating more blood toward the surface to facilitate heat loss; nervous system regulating blood pressure when you get out of bed in the morning Receptor- detects changes in variable; either substance or process stimulus Control center - interprets input from the receptor and initiates change through the effector; parathyroid hormone monitors calcium levels Effector- structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus; muscles in the lungs that bring air flow Metabolism- the sum of all chemical reactions to occur within a body; anabolism (smaller molecules form larger) and catabolism (larger molecules are broken down to smaller) Growth and development- each organism assimilates materials from its environment and often grows and develops Responsiveness- ability to sense and react to stimuli Regulation- ability to adjust or direct internal bodily function in the face of environmental changes- homeostasis- ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment Organization of the human body - (ANS) chemical level- consists of atoms, molecules, macromolecules, and organelles Cell level- consists of cells, made up of structures and molecules from chemical level Tissue level- made up of tissues which are made of cells Organ level- made up of organs made up of 2-3 tissue types that work together for specific, complex functions Organ system level- organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function Anterior - (ANS) in front of Posterior - (ANS) in back of Dorsal - (ANS) on the backside of the human body Ventral - (ANS)on the belly side of the human body Superior - (ANS)closer to the head Inferior - (ANS)closer to the feet Deep - (ANS)on the inside Superficial - (ANS)on the outside Positive feedback - (ANS)set point-- what is normal Action occurs that reinforces the response; mother breast feeds baby: suckling causes receptors to signal to hypothalamus to release oxytocin causing breast tissue to produce milk negative feedback - (ANS)detecting a change and then initiating the opposite response to return to the set point (if it's hot, bringing heat to the surface of the skin so the body loses heat, if cold withdrawing blood to vessels, skeletal muscles shiver, no sweat, withdraw foot when stepping on glass) Atoms - (ANS)protons (+1 charge), neutrons, and electrons (very little weight) Atomic number is based on protons Types of chemical bonds - (ANS)ionic bond- bond that transfers electrons, stronger; form salts Covalent bond- bond that shares electrons, weaker, can be single, double, triple; form molecular compounds Major elements of the human body - (ANS)Oxygen (65%), Carbon(18), Hydrogen (10), Nitrogen (3), Calcium, Phosphorous, Caution - (ANS)positively charged ion Anion - (ANS)negatively charged ion Electrolyte - (ANS)substances that both dissolve and dissociate in water that create electric currents Anatomy - (ANS)study of structure and form; derived from Greek word Anatome which means to cut apart or dissect; Anatomists study structure and form of organims studying the relationships among parts of the body and the structure of individual organs physiology - (ANS)the study of function of the body parts; physiologists examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances as well as how their functions are altered with medication or disease Branches of anatomy - (ANS) microscopic- structures that cannot be observed to the unaided eye (Cytology- study of body cells and their internal structure; Histology- study of tissues) Gross anatomy- structures that can be observed to the unaided eye,; macroscopic (Systemic anatomy- anatomy of each body system; Regional anatomy- examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit) Embryology - (ANS) discipline concerned with developmental changes occurring from conception to birth Comparative A&P - (ANS)examines similarities and differences of anatomy and physiology of different species Pathophysiology - (ANS)relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system Basic qualities of life - (ANS) organization- each organism has a complex structure and order Organic molecules - (ANS)molecules that contain carbon