UAB BY 124 Exam 1 with Complete Solutions|
Latest Update
translocation process by which products of photosynthesis (sugars) are transported from
sources to sinks via the phloem
process of translocation 1. loading of sugar
2. uptake of water: positive pressure
3. unloading of sugar
4. water recycled
basic physical properties of soil -texture is determined by particle size
-composition of inorganic and organic chemical components
layers of soil (top to bottom) 1. humus (decaying organic material)
2. topsoil (A horizon) (rich in humus and minerals)
3. subsoil (B horizon) (poor in humus, rich in minerals)
4. weathered rock (C horizon) (little to no life)
5. bedrock (D horizon)
topsoil consists of mineral particles, living organisms, and humus (decaying organic
material)
,cation exchange in the soil -roots (-> CO2 -> HCO3 -> protons) acidify the soil
-soil pH determines if it can be taken up
-anions surrounded by water and easily washed away (why fertilizer is used)
macronutrients and micronutrients -17 essential minerals
-hydropanic culture used to determine which are essential (control: solution with all minerals and
experiment: solution missing one)
macronutrients in plants nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
secondary nutrients in plants magnesium, sulfur, and calcium
micronutrients in plants boron, chlorine, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, and
molybdenum
non-fertilizer elements in plants hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
nutrient deficiency in plants will see signs such as small leaves, yellowing, and holes
rhizosphere region of soil in vicinity of plant roots
rhizobacteria -produce hormones that stimulate growth
, -produce antibiotic that protect roots from disease
-absorb toxic metals and make nutrients more available
bacteria in the nitrogen cycle -nitrogen-fixing bacteria + ammonifying bacteria convert N2
into NH3 and H+
-nitrifying bacteria converts NH3 into NO3- which can be taken up (or in the form on NH4+)
-plants need nitrogen to build proteins
nitrogen fixation conversion of N2 to NH3
(N2 + 8e- + 8 H+ + 16 ATP -> 2 NH3 + H2 + 16 ADP + 16 Pi)
how bacteria is taken up by plant 1. plant sends out chemical signal attracting bacteria. an
infection thread forms.
2. bacteroids form and divide. (pericycle)
3. growth continues and root nodule forms.
4. nodule develops vascular tissue.
5. mature nodule grows.
fungi and plant nutrition -mycorrhizae: mutualistic associations of fungi and roots
-fungus benefits from a steady supply of sugar from the host plant
-host plant benefits because the fungus increases the surface area for water uptake and mineral
absorption
-mycorrhizal fungi also secrete growth factors that stimulate root growth and branching
Latest Update
translocation process by which products of photosynthesis (sugars) are transported from
sources to sinks via the phloem
process of translocation 1. loading of sugar
2. uptake of water: positive pressure
3. unloading of sugar
4. water recycled
basic physical properties of soil -texture is determined by particle size
-composition of inorganic and organic chemical components
layers of soil (top to bottom) 1. humus (decaying organic material)
2. topsoil (A horizon) (rich in humus and minerals)
3. subsoil (B horizon) (poor in humus, rich in minerals)
4. weathered rock (C horizon) (little to no life)
5. bedrock (D horizon)
topsoil consists of mineral particles, living organisms, and humus (decaying organic
material)
,cation exchange in the soil -roots (-> CO2 -> HCO3 -> protons) acidify the soil
-soil pH determines if it can be taken up
-anions surrounded by water and easily washed away (why fertilizer is used)
macronutrients and micronutrients -17 essential minerals
-hydropanic culture used to determine which are essential (control: solution with all minerals and
experiment: solution missing one)
macronutrients in plants nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
secondary nutrients in plants magnesium, sulfur, and calcium
micronutrients in plants boron, chlorine, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, and
molybdenum
non-fertilizer elements in plants hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
nutrient deficiency in plants will see signs such as small leaves, yellowing, and holes
rhizosphere region of soil in vicinity of plant roots
rhizobacteria -produce hormones that stimulate growth
, -produce antibiotic that protect roots from disease
-absorb toxic metals and make nutrients more available
bacteria in the nitrogen cycle -nitrogen-fixing bacteria + ammonifying bacteria convert N2
into NH3 and H+
-nitrifying bacteria converts NH3 into NO3- which can be taken up (or in the form on NH4+)
-plants need nitrogen to build proteins
nitrogen fixation conversion of N2 to NH3
(N2 + 8e- + 8 H+ + 16 ATP -> 2 NH3 + H2 + 16 ADP + 16 Pi)
how bacteria is taken up by plant 1. plant sends out chemical signal attracting bacteria. an
infection thread forms.
2. bacteroids form and divide. (pericycle)
3. growth continues and root nodule forms.
4. nodule develops vascular tissue.
5. mature nodule grows.
fungi and plant nutrition -mycorrhizae: mutualistic associations of fungi and roots
-fungus benefits from a steady supply of sugar from the host plant
-host plant benefits because the fungus increases the surface area for water uptake and mineral
absorption
-mycorrhizal fungi also secrete growth factors that stimulate root growth and branching
