NUR 221 Exam 2 Correct 100%
***Spinal Cord Disorders and Drugs for Spasticity*** - ANSWER ***Spinal Cord
Disorders and Drugs for Spasticity***
the ___________ is protected by the vertebral column, meninges, and CSF - ANSWER
spinal cord
The ______________ is continuous with the medulla oblongata and ends at lumbar 1 -
ANSWER spinal cord
_____ matter (inner) is made up of nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated
axons - ANSWER gray
the ventral horn (anterior) of gray matter is made up of - ANSWER motor neuron cell
bodies
the dorsal horn (posterior) of gray matter is made up of - ANSWER interneurons, dorsal
root ganglion
the lateral horns of gray matter are made up of - ANSWER visceral motor neurons
________________ is composed of spinal cord tracts and myelinated fibers - ANSWER
white matter
white matter contains __________________ and ____________________ fibers -
ANSWER efferent/motor, afferent/sensory
there are __ pairs of spinal nerves named by location in the vertebral column -
ANSWER 31
a dermatome is.. - ANSWER area of skin innervated by the dorsal roots of a single
spinal segment
how do reflex reactions occur? - ANSWER sensory stimulus -> receptor to synapse via
afferent fiber -> efferent impulse from brain or spinal cord to remove stimulus
what are the two main actions of the autonomic nervous system? - ANSWER motor,
sensory, and involuntary action through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
systems, homeostasis via pre and post ganglionic fibers
_________________ effects preganglionic receptors for the sympathetic nervous
system - ANSWER acetylcholine
,__________________ effects postganglionic receptors for the sympathetic nervous
system - ANSWER norepinephrine
what spinal cord segment does the sympathetic nervous system initiate from? -
ANSWER T1-L2
what spinal cord segment does the parasympathetic nervous system initiate from? -
ANSWER sacral spinal nerves, brain stem
__________________ effect both presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors for the
parasympathetic nervous system - ANSWER acetylcholine
what are the two types of receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system? -
ANSWER nicotinic and muscarinic
the somatic nervous system is responsible for... - ANSWER receiving sensation,
sending motor impulses to skeletal muscles, voluntary movement
what are the top 3 causes of spinal cord injury? - ANSWER 1. motorcycle/automobile
accident
2. sports, diving, football
3. falls (mostly elderly)
what are the most common spinal cord injuries? - ANSWER hyperextension,
hyperflexion, compression fractures
hyperextension/hyperflexion can cause... - ANSWER dislocation and loss of alignment
of vertebrae causing compression or stretching of the spinal cord
compression fractures happen when... - ANSWER force is applied to the top of skull, tail
bone, or bottom of feet
compression fractures of the spine cause spinal cord injury because... - ANSWER sharp
bone is compressed and protrudes putting pressure against the cord which can cause
injury to nerve fibers and blood vessels
what are the 4 classifications of vertebral fractures? - ANSWER 1. simple
2. compression
3. wedge
4. dislocation
what are the 4 stages of spinal cord injury? - ANSWER 1. hemorrhage in central gray
matter
2. edema in white matter
3. impaired cord circulation
4. decreased perfusion and increased ischemia
, maximum damage of spinal cord injury occurs... - ANSWER at the level of the injury
AND several cord segments above and below the injury
if spinal cord injury occurs at the cervical level the biggest concern is... - ANSWER
breathing
treatment protocol for spinal injury - ANSWER 1. begin rehab at time of injury
2. immobilize spine
2. maintain breathing and prevent shock
3. hospital traction or surgery
4. relieve pressure and repair tissues
5. reduce edema and stabilize vascular system
6. ongoing care to prevent complications related to immobility
Grade A spinal injury - ANSWER complete, no sensory or motor function is preserved in
the sacral segments S4-S5
Grade B spinal injury - ANSWER incomplete, sensory but not motor function is
preserved below the neurologic level and includes the sacral segments S4-S5
Grade C spinal injury - ANSWER incomplete, motor function is preserved below the
neurologic level, and more than half of key muscle below the neurologic level has a
muscle grade less than 3
Grade D spinal injury - ANSWER incomplete, motor function is preserved below the
neurologic level, and at least half of key muscle below the neurologic level has a muscle
grade greater or equal to 3
Grade E spinal injury - ANSWER normal, sensory, and motor function is normal
what are the two types of drugs for skeletal muscle relaxation? - ANSWER drugs that
treat localized muscle spasm and drugs that treat spasticity
what is a muscle spasm? - ANSWER Sudden, sharp involuntary contraction of muscle
or muscle group, may see lump
what is muscle spasticity? - ANSWER increased muscle tone due to overactive reflexes
spasticity involves ______________ movements which may include spasms/ series of
fast involuntary contractions (clonis) - ANSWER involuntary
what are some signs of muscle spasticity? - ANSWER overactive reflexes, pain,
decreased functional abilities, delayed motor development, difficulty with care/hygiene,
abnormal posture, contractures, loss of dexterity
***Spinal Cord Disorders and Drugs for Spasticity*** - ANSWER ***Spinal Cord
Disorders and Drugs for Spasticity***
the ___________ is protected by the vertebral column, meninges, and CSF - ANSWER
spinal cord
The ______________ is continuous with the medulla oblongata and ends at lumbar 1 -
ANSWER spinal cord
_____ matter (inner) is made up of nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated
axons - ANSWER gray
the ventral horn (anterior) of gray matter is made up of - ANSWER motor neuron cell
bodies
the dorsal horn (posterior) of gray matter is made up of - ANSWER interneurons, dorsal
root ganglion
the lateral horns of gray matter are made up of - ANSWER visceral motor neurons
________________ is composed of spinal cord tracts and myelinated fibers - ANSWER
white matter
white matter contains __________________ and ____________________ fibers -
ANSWER efferent/motor, afferent/sensory
there are __ pairs of spinal nerves named by location in the vertebral column -
ANSWER 31
a dermatome is.. - ANSWER area of skin innervated by the dorsal roots of a single
spinal segment
how do reflex reactions occur? - ANSWER sensory stimulus -> receptor to synapse via
afferent fiber -> efferent impulse from brain or spinal cord to remove stimulus
what are the two main actions of the autonomic nervous system? - ANSWER motor,
sensory, and involuntary action through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
systems, homeostasis via pre and post ganglionic fibers
_________________ effects preganglionic receptors for the sympathetic nervous
system - ANSWER acetylcholine
,__________________ effects postganglionic receptors for the sympathetic nervous
system - ANSWER norepinephrine
what spinal cord segment does the sympathetic nervous system initiate from? -
ANSWER T1-L2
what spinal cord segment does the parasympathetic nervous system initiate from? -
ANSWER sacral spinal nerves, brain stem
__________________ effect both presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors for the
parasympathetic nervous system - ANSWER acetylcholine
what are the two types of receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system? -
ANSWER nicotinic and muscarinic
the somatic nervous system is responsible for... - ANSWER receiving sensation,
sending motor impulses to skeletal muscles, voluntary movement
what are the top 3 causes of spinal cord injury? - ANSWER 1. motorcycle/automobile
accident
2. sports, diving, football
3. falls (mostly elderly)
what are the most common spinal cord injuries? - ANSWER hyperextension,
hyperflexion, compression fractures
hyperextension/hyperflexion can cause... - ANSWER dislocation and loss of alignment
of vertebrae causing compression or stretching of the spinal cord
compression fractures happen when... - ANSWER force is applied to the top of skull, tail
bone, or bottom of feet
compression fractures of the spine cause spinal cord injury because... - ANSWER sharp
bone is compressed and protrudes putting pressure against the cord which can cause
injury to nerve fibers and blood vessels
what are the 4 classifications of vertebral fractures? - ANSWER 1. simple
2. compression
3. wedge
4. dislocation
what are the 4 stages of spinal cord injury? - ANSWER 1. hemorrhage in central gray
matter
2. edema in white matter
3. impaired cord circulation
4. decreased perfusion and increased ischemia
, maximum damage of spinal cord injury occurs... - ANSWER at the level of the injury
AND several cord segments above and below the injury
if spinal cord injury occurs at the cervical level the biggest concern is... - ANSWER
breathing
treatment protocol for spinal injury - ANSWER 1. begin rehab at time of injury
2. immobilize spine
2. maintain breathing and prevent shock
3. hospital traction or surgery
4. relieve pressure and repair tissues
5. reduce edema and stabilize vascular system
6. ongoing care to prevent complications related to immobility
Grade A spinal injury - ANSWER complete, no sensory or motor function is preserved in
the sacral segments S4-S5
Grade B spinal injury - ANSWER incomplete, sensory but not motor function is
preserved below the neurologic level and includes the sacral segments S4-S5
Grade C spinal injury - ANSWER incomplete, motor function is preserved below the
neurologic level, and more than half of key muscle below the neurologic level has a
muscle grade less than 3
Grade D spinal injury - ANSWER incomplete, motor function is preserved below the
neurologic level, and at least half of key muscle below the neurologic level has a muscle
grade greater or equal to 3
Grade E spinal injury - ANSWER normal, sensory, and motor function is normal
what are the two types of drugs for skeletal muscle relaxation? - ANSWER drugs that
treat localized muscle spasm and drugs that treat spasticity
what is a muscle spasm? - ANSWER Sudden, sharp involuntary contraction of muscle
or muscle group, may see lump
what is muscle spasticity? - ANSWER increased muscle tone due to overactive reflexes
spasticity involves ______________ movements which may include spasms/ series of
fast involuntary contractions (clonis) - ANSWER involuntary
what are some signs of muscle spasticity? - ANSWER overactive reflexes, pain,
decreased functional abilities, delayed motor development, difficulty with care/hygiene,
abnormal posture, contractures, loss of dexterity
