HSA 6115 2025/2026 Final Exam (Graded A+)
100% QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Blum's Model - Identifies factors that affect health
The size of the arrows indicates the degree each factor affects a person's health
The model shows factors like prevention and rehabilitation have much less of
an effect on health than environmental factors, and somewhat less of an effect
than heredity and lifestyle
Blum suggest several goals for a health system: - 1. Prolonging life and
preventing premature death
2. Minimizing departures from physiological or functional norms by focusing
attention on precursors of illness
3. Minimizing discomfort (illness)
4. Minimizing disability( incapacity)
5. Promoting high level of wellness
6. Promoting high level of satisfaction with the environment
7. Extending residents to ill health and creating reserve capacity
8. Increasing opportunities for consumers to participate in heal matters
,Four major inputs that contribute to health and well being - 1. Heredity
2. Medical Care Services
3. Lifestyles
4. Environment
All must be considered simultaneously when addressing the health status of an
individual or a population.
Heredity - Genes and characteristics inherited from parents make a person
more likely or less likely to develop certain health problems and to be or not be
healthy and well.
Medical Care Services - Diagnosis and treat- ment in the care of patients,
sometimes limited to care by phy- sicians and sometimes more broadly
including care by nurses, thera- pists, and others who care for patients.
Lifestyles - Patterns of attitudes and behaviors that make up one's way of living.
Environment - The world that exists beyond one's own control and beyond the
borders that separate oneself from everything else. Environments include
people, organizations, societ- ies, forces, and many other elements.
Lack of Synchrony - Variation in rates of hospitalization and lengths of hospital
stay
Physicians practice patterns and clinical decisions vary sometimes widely
Some hospitals may have more access to technology
,There is an important distinction between - Need and Demand in for health
services
History of health services - 1. Technology
2. Mortality and Morbidity
3. Social Welfare
Technology - The great sanitary awakening" of the mid-19th century called for
new measures to purify food and water
New medical technology in the late 19th century permitted efficacious surgical
interventions with greatly reduced rates of morbidity and mortality
Hospitals were often sponsored by private not-for-profit corporation
Morbidity and Mortality - Most people died of acute infections such as
pneumonia
Many communicable health problems common in the mid-19th century were
solved through preventive measures taken by health departments.Such as
clean food and water
SOCIAL WELFARE - Social Security Act of 1935 shifts responsibility for social
welfare from local to federal government
Government-sponsored national health insurance programs
, Affordable Care Act in 2010 greatly increased the federal government's role in
organizing, controlling, and financing delivery of health services
Anticipated increased demand for geriatric healthcare
Other Western Systems - Governments started financing health services much
earlier than in the U.S.
U.S. has the highest growth rate in healthcare spending.
Structure of the Health Services System - 1. Preventive Care
2.Primary Care
3.Secondary Care (acute care)
4.Tertiary/Quaternary Care (special care)
5.Restorative Care
6.Continuing Care
Preventive Care has three parts - Primary prevention (prevent disease or injury,
such as educating people not to smoke)
Secondary prevention (blocks progression of disease or injury such as taking a
MRI)
Tertiary prevention (blocks or retard progression)
Hospitals and Nursing facilities use what type of prevention? - Secondary and
Tertiary
100% QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Blum's Model - Identifies factors that affect health
The size of the arrows indicates the degree each factor affects a person's health
The model shows factors like prevention and rehabilitation have much less of
an effect on health than environmental factors, and somewhat less of an effect
than heredity and lifestyle
Blum suggest several goals for a health system: - 1. Prolonging life and
preventing premature death
2. Minimizing departures from physiological or functional norms by focusing
attention on precursors of illness
3. Minimizing discomfort (illness)
4. Minimizing disability( incapacity)
5. Promoting high level of wellness
6. Promoting high level of satisfaction with the environment
7. Extending residents to ill health and creating reserve capacity
8. Increasing opportunities for consumers to participate in heal matters
,Four major inputs that contribute to health and well being - 1. Heredity
2. Medical Care Services
3. Lifestyles
4. Environment
All must be considered simultaneously when addressing the health status of an
individual or a population.
Heredity - Genes and characteristics inherited from parents make a person
more likely or less likely to develop certain health problems and to be or not be
healthy and well.
Medical Care Services - Diagnosis and treat- ment in the care of patients,
sometimes limited to care by phy- sicians and sometimes more broadly
including care by nurses, thera- pists, and others who care for patients.
Lifestyles - Patterns of attitudes and behaviors that make up one's way of living.
Environment - The world that exists beyond one's own control and beyond the
borders that separate oneself from everything else. Environments include
people, organizations, societ- ies, forces, and many other elements.
Lack of Synchrony - Variation in rates of hospitalization and lengths of hospital
stay
Physicians practice patterns and clinical decisions vary sometimes widely
Some hospitals may have more access to technology
,There is an important distinction between - Need and Demand in for health
services
History of health services - 1. Technology
2. Mortality and Morbidity
3. Social Welfare
Technology - The great sanitary awakening" of the mid-19th century called for
new measures to purify food and water
New medical technology in the late 19th century permitted efficacious surgical
interventions with greatly reduced rates of morbidity and mortality
Hospitals were often sponsored by private not-for-profit corporation
Morbidity and Mortality - Most people died of acute infections such as
pneumonia
Many communicable health problems common in the mid-19th century were
solved through preventive measures taken by health departments.Such as
clean food and water
SOCIAL WELFARE - Social Security Act of 1935 shifts responsibility for social
welfare from local to federal government
Government-sponsored national health insurance programs
, Affordable Care Act in 2010 greatly increased the federal government's role in
organizing, controlling, and financing delivery of health services
Anticipated increased demand for geriatric healthcare
Other Western Systems - Governments started financing health services much
earlier than in the U.S.
U.S. has the highest growth rate in healthcare spending.
Structure of the Health Services System - 1. Preventive Care
2.Primary Care
3.Secondary Care (acute care)
4.Tertiary/Quaternary Care (special care)
5.Restorative Care
6.Continuing Care
Preventive Care has three parts - Primary prevention (prevent disease or injury,
such as educating people not to smoke)
Secondary prevention (blocks progression of disease or injury such as taking a
MRI)
Tertiary prevention (blocks or retard progression)
Hospitals and Nursing facilities use what type of prevention? - Secondary and
Tertiary
