©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 12:08PM. A+
HNF 150 Exam 2 Questions With Correct
Answers 100% Verified.
Describe the general structure of proteins and the three parts of an amino acid; understand
that protein is the only macronutrient that contains nitrogen. - Answer✔protein contains
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. the three parts of an amino acid are the backbone
(amine group and an acid group), and a side chain that varies (side chains differ in their size,
shape, and polarity)
State how many essential amino acids exist and why adequate amounts of all the essential
amino acids are required for protein synthesis - Answer✔there are nine essential amino acids
(histidine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and
tryptophan).
If any of the 9 essential AA's is not present in sufficient amounts in our diet protein synthesis
will be stopped
Describe the 7 roles of protein in the body - Answer✔1. supporting growth and maintenance
2. enzymes, hormones, and other compounds
3. transport and recognition proteins
-lipoproteins
-active transport
signaling and receptors
4. building antibodies (immunoproteins)
5. maintaining acid balance
6. maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
1
, ©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 12:08PM. A+
-edema
7. used for energy
8. or used for energy storage (goes with #7)
State the different paths an amino acid can take once it is in a cell - Answer✔amino acids can be
metabolized to protein, nitrogen, energy, glucose, or fat
Describe protein digestion and absorption from the mouth to the colon. - Answer✔Other than
being torn by chewing nothing happens to protein until it reaches the stomach. when
swallowed food arrives in the stomach, acid denatures the protein strands, and an enzyme
cleaves amino acid strands into polypeptides and a few amino acids. enzymes from the
pancreas and the intestine split peptide strands into tripeptides, dipeptides, and amino acids.
enzymes on the surface of the small intestine's lining and within the absorptive cells split
tripeptides and dipeptides. the intestinal cells absorb and transfer amino acids to the blood
stream. the bloodstream transports amino acids to all the body's cells
Describe the purpose and how to conduct a nitrogen balance study; list examples of positive,
negative and equilibrium with regard to nitrogen balance - Answer✔purpose: these studies
compare nitrogen lost by excretion with nitrogen eaten in food.
how: scientists measure the body's daily nitrogen losses in urine, feces, sweat, and skin under
controlled conditions and then estimate the amount of protein needed to replace these losses
positive ex: a growing child
negative ex: astronauts
equilibrium ex: someone who consumes as much as they lose
Define mutual supplementation and be able to recognize vegetarian meal plans that contain
complementary proteins - Answer✔mutual supplementation is the process of combining two
incomplete protein sources to make a complete protein. the two foods involved in this are
called complementary proteins.
the complementary proteins do not need to be eaten together as long as the day's meals
supply them all the diet provides enough energy and total protein from a variety of sources
vegetarian meal examples: oatmeal, rice and beans, pasta with veggies and cheese
2
, ©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 12:08PM. A+
Discuss reasons why consuming too much protein and amino acid supplements is not
recommended - Answer✔offers no benefits and may pose health risks, particularly weakened
kidneys. also possible for chronic disease risk as well. in addition, heart disease, kidney disease,
and adult bone loss could result
protein supplements can place a burden on kidneys to excrete extra nitrogen and adds extra
unnecessary calories
amino acid supplements can induce sleepiness, nausea, skin effects, and digestive disturbances
State the health and planetary benefits, and nutrient considerations of whole food, plant-based
diets - Answer✔less fat, less cholesterol, less sodium, more fiber, more vitamins and minerals
protien - Answer✔compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and
arranged as strands of amino acids.
amino acid - Answer✔the building blocks of proteins. each one has an amine group at one end,
an acid group at the other, and a distinctive side chain
essential amino acid - Answer✔amino acids that either cannot be synthesized at all by the body
or cannot be synthesized in amounts sufficient to meet physiological need.
conditionally essential amino acids - Answer✔an amino acid that in normally nonessential but
must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances when the need for it exceeds the body's
ability to produce it
protein synthesis - Answer✔the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins; it is
balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export
polypeptide - Answer✔protein fragments of many (more than 10) amino acids bonded together
dipeptide - Answer✔protein fragments that are two amino acids long
tripeptide - Answer✔protein fragments that are three amino acids long
HCL - Answer✔hydrochloric acid; produced by the stomach to aid in digestion, and denatures
protein in the stomach
electrolyte balance - Answer✔the distribution of fluid in dissolved particles among body
compartments, and proteins help to maintain this
enzyme - Answer✔proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the
process; protein catalysts
3
HNF 150 Exam 2 Questions With Correct
Answers 100% Verified.
Describe the general structure of proteins and the three parts of an amino acid; understand
that protein is the only macronutrient that contains nitrogen. - Answer✔protein contains
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. the three parts of an amino acid are the backbone
(amine group and an acid group), and a side chain that varies (side chains differ in their size,
shape, and polarity)
State how many essential amino acids exist and why adequate amounts of all the essential
amino acids are required for protein synthesis - Answer✔there are nine essential amino acids
(histidine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and
tryptophan).
If any of the 9 essential AA's is not present in sufficient amounts in our diet protein synthesis
will be stopped
Describe the 7 roles of protein in the body - Answer✔1. supporting growth and maintenance
2. enzymes, hormones, and other compounds
3. transport and recognition proteins
-lipoproteins
-active transport
signaling and receptors
4. building antibodies (immunoproteins)
5. maintaining acid balance
6. maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
1
, ©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 12:08PM. A+
-edema
7. used for energy
8. or used for energy storage (goes with #7)
State the different paths an amino acid can take once it is in a cell - Answer✔amino acids can be
metabolized to protein, nitrogen, energy, glucose, or fat
Describe protein digestion and absorption from the mouth to the colon. - Answer✔Other than
being torn by chewing nothing happens to protein until it reaches the stomach. when
swallowed food arrives in the stomach, acid denatures the protein strands, and an enzyme
cleaves amino acid strands into polypeptides and a few amino acids. enzymes from the
pancreas and the intestine split peptide strands into tripeptides, dipeptides, and amino acids.
enzymes on the surface of the small intestine's lining and within the absorptive cells split
tripeptides and dipeptides. the intestinal cells absorb and transfer amino acids to the blood
stream. the bloodstream transports amino acids to all the body's cells
Describe the purpose and how to conduct a nitrogen balance study; list examples of positive,
negative and equilibrium with regard to nitrogen balance - Answer✔purpose: these studies
compare nitrogen lost by excretion with nitrogen eaten in food.
how: scientists measure the body's daily nitrogen losses in urine, feces, sweat, and skin under
controlled conditions and then estimate the amount of protein needed to replace these losses
positive ex: a growing child
negative ex: astronauts
equilibrium ex: someone who consumes as much as they lose
Define mutual supplementation and be able to recognize vegetarian meal plans that contain
complementary proteins - Answer✔mutual supplementation is the process of combining two
incomplete protein sources to make a complete protein. the two foods involved in this are
called complementary proteins.
the complementary proteins do not need to be eaten together as long as the day's meals
supply them all the diet provides enough energy and total protein from a variety of sources
vegetarian meal examples: oatmeal, rice and beans, pasta with veggies and cheese
2
, ©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 12:08PM. A+
Discuss reasons why consuming too much protein and amino acid supplements is not
recommended - Answer✔offers no benefits and may pose health risks, particularly weakened
kidneys. also possible for chronic disease risk as well. in addition, heart disease, kidney disease,
and adult bone loss could result
protein supplements can place a burden on kidneys to excrete extra nitrogen and adds extra
unnecessary calories
amino acid supplements can induce sleepiness, nausea, skin effects, and digestive disturbances
State the health and planetary benefits, and nutrient considerations of whole food, plant-based
diets - Answer✔less fat, less cholesterol, less sodium, more fiber, more vitamins and minerals
protien - Answer✔compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and
arranged as strands of amino acids.
amino acid - Answer✔the building blocks of proteins. each one has an amine group at one end,
an acid group at the other, and a distinctive side chain
essential amino acid - Answer✔amino acids that either cannot be synthesized at all by the body
or cannot be synthesized in amounts sufficient to meet physiological need.
conditionally essential amino acids - Answer✔an amino acid that in normally nonessential but
must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances when the need for it exceeds the body's
ability to produce it
protein synthesis - Answer✔the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins; it is
balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export
polypeptide - Answer✔protein fragments of many (more than 10) amino acids bonded together
dipeptide - Answer✔protein fragments that are two amino acids long
tripeptide - Answer✔protein fragments that are three amino acids long
HCL - Answer✔hydrochloric acid; produced by the stomach to aid in digestion, and denatures
protein in the stomach
electrolyte balance - Answer✔the distribution of fluid in dissolved particles among body
compartments, and proteins help to maintain this
enzyme - Answer✔proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the
process; protein catalysts
3
