MMBIO 221 Exam 2 Robison
(antibiotics starred)
Disinfection - -destruction of vegetative pathogens; usually on inanimate
objects.
- Antiseptic - -agent which prevents bact. contamination and growth;
usually on living tissue.
- Which agent doesn't necessarily work better at higher concentrations? - -
Alcohol, 70% (goldie lock zone)(60-80% most effective)
- Name the factors that affect a disinfectant activity. - --Contact Time:
longer, the more effective.
-Temperature: higher, the more effective. (moist heat better)
-pH: depends on chemical; some synergy.
-Bioburden: more microbes = longer time.
-Types of Microbes: mycobacteria & spores are more difficult to kill.
-Extraneous matter: organic matter inhibits many disinfectants.
-Proper Exposure: insure agent gets in.
-Disinfectant concentration: higher = better - exception with the alcohols.
- 2 types of antimicrobials - -1. Alteration of cell walls
2. Interference with protein and nucleic acid structure
- What 3 organisms are used in the AOAC Use-Dilution test? - --
Staphylococcus aureus
-Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-Salmonella choleraesuis
- How to compute D values (decimal reduction time)- MATH QUESTION - --
Time required to kill 90% (1 log) at a specific temperature.
-Total time = D value X (10)^x
-3 logs in 3 mins = 1 min is the D value
- Ionizing radiation - -High energy
Small wavelength (<1nm)
Electron beams, gamma, xray
-Creating ions
-Disrupt H bonds
-Oxidize dble covalent bonds
-Create Hydroxyl radicals (denature DNA)
-electron beams=effective at killing but do not penetrate well
,-used to sterilize some sliced meats, microbiological plastic ware and
medical/dental supplies
-Gamma rays=penetrate well but require hours to kill microbes--used to
sterilize meats, spices, fresh fruits and veggies
-X-rays require too much time to be practical for growth control
-Microbes are much more resistant to ionizing radiation than multicellular
organisms
- Non Ionizing radiation - -Low energy
Large wavelength (>1nm)
UV (for air, clear fluid, surfaces)
-Excite electrons
-New covalent bonds
-Affect 3D struct. of proteins and nucleic acids
-T-T dimers disrupt H bond (in DNA)
-Lesion
- What Anderson Samplers are used for? - -Air Sampling device.
Mirrors the human respiratory system.
Tests efficacy of filtration system.
Bacterial Filtration Efficiency Test
-Concentration of microbes, particle size
-Petri dishes with progressively smaller holes
-Used to test surgical masks
- Antimicrobial handwash - -4% chlorhexidine
- Semi-critical instrument disinfection - -Peracetic acid- base products
(Like Steriplex HC)
- Counter top or other small surface disinfection - -70-80% ethanol
- Antimicrobial in mop water for large areas like floors - -Substituted
Phenols
- Sterilization of heat-labile plastics (petri dishes) - -Gamma irradiation
- What do beta-lactams do? - -inhibit cell wall synthesis
- What are the 6 modes of action for antibiotics? - -1. inhibit cell wall
synthesis
2. protein synthesis
3. cytoplasmic membrane
4. metabolic pathways
5. DNA or RNA synthesis
6. pathogens entry/attachment to host cell
, - Anti-tuberculosis drug that inhibits cell wall synthesis. - -Isoniazid &
Ethambutol
- Commonly combined with trimethoprim; inhibits dihydrofolate synthesis. -
-Sulfonamides (Sulfa drugs)
- A beta-lactam antibiotic with 2 sites that can be chemically modified. - -
Cephalosporin
- An aminoglycoside; binds 30S ribosome; must be given by injection. - -
Streptomycin
- The first antibiotic used in humans. - -penicillin
- A macrolide which binds the 50S ribosomal subunit. - -Erythromycin
- Disrupt nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase. - -
Quinolone
- A polypeptide antibiotic found in topical ointments; kills group A strep. - -
Bacitracin (ABC)
- A polyene antifungal agent that disrupts membrane permeability. - -
Amphotericin B
- Antiviral agent used to treat herpes virus infections. - -Acyclovir
- Causes "black hairy tongue" as a side effect. - -Metronidazole
- A quinolone that inhibits prokaryotic DNA gyrase. - -Ciprofloxacin
- Inhibits DNA-directed RNA polymerase; used to treat tuberculosis. - -
Rifampin
- The most commonly used and produced antibiotic in the world. - -
Cephalosporins
- Antiviral thymidine analog used to treat HIV infection. - -Azidothymidine
(AZT)
- Bacteria genus that produces the most useful antibiotics - -streptomyces
- Fungi genera that produces the most useful antibiotics - --Penicillium
-acremonium (formerly known as cephalosporium)
(antibiotics starred)
Disinfection - -destruction of vegetative pathogens; usually on inanimate
objects.
- Antiseptic - -agent which prevents bact. contamination and growth;
usually on living tissue.
- Which agent doesn't necessarily work better at higher concentrations? - -
Alcohol, 70% (goldie lock zone)(60-80% most effective)
- Name the factors that affect a disinfectant activity. - --Contact Time:
longer, the more effective.
-Temperature: higher, the more effective. (moist heat better)
-pH: depends on chemical; some synergy.
-Bioburden: more microbes = longer time.
-Types of Microbes: mycobacteria & spores are more difficult to kill.
-Extraneous matter: organic matter inhibits many disinfectants.
-Proper Exposure: insure agent gets in.
-Disinfectant concentration: higher = better - exception with the alcohols.
- 2 types of antimicrobials - -1. Alteration of cell walls
2. Interference with protein and nucleic acid structure
- What 3 organisms are used in the AOAC Use-Dilution test? - --
Staphylococcus aureus
-Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-Salmonella choleraesuis
- How to compute D values (decimal reduction time)- MATH QUESTION - --
Time required to kill 90% (1 log) at a specific temperature.
-Total time = D value X (10)^x
-3 logs in 3 mins = 1 min is the D value
- Ionizing radiation - -High energy
Small wavelength (<1nm)
Electron beams, gamma, xray
-Creating ions
-Disrupt H bonds
-Oxidize dble covalent bonds
-Create Hydroxyl radicals (denature DNA)
-electron beams=effective at killing but do not penetrate well
,-used to sterilize some sliced meats, microbiological plastic ware and
medical/dental supplies
-Gamma rays=penetrate well but require hours to kill microbes--used to
sterilize meats, spices, fresh fruits and veggies
-X-rays require too much time to be practical for growth control
-Microbes are much more resistant to ionizing radiation than multicellular
organisms
- Non Ionizing radiation - -Low energy
Large wavelength (>1nm)
UV (for air, clear fluid, surfaces)
-Excite electrons
-New covalent bonds
-Affect 3D struct. of proteins and nucleic acids
-T-T dimers disrupt H bond (in DNA)
-Lesion
- What Anderson Samplers are used for? - -Air Sampling device.
Mirrors the human respiratory system.
Tests efficacy of filtration system.
Bacterial Filtration Efficiency Test
-Concentration of microbes, particle size
-Petri dishes with progressively smaller holes
-Used to test surgical masks
- Antimicrobial handwash - -4% chlorhexidine
- Semi-critical instrument disinfection - -Peracetic acid- base products
(Like Steriplex HC)
- Counter top or other small surface disinfection - -70-80% ethanol
- Antimicrobial in mop water for large areas like floors - -Substituted
Phenols
- Sterilization of heat-labile plastics (petri dishes) - -Gamma irradiation
- What do beta-lactams do? - -inhibit cell wall synthesis
- What are the 6 modes of action for antibiotics? - -1. inhibit cell wall
synthesis
2. protein synthesis
3. cytoplasmic membrane
4. metabolic pathways
5. DNA or RNA synthesis
6. pathogens entry/attachment to host cell
, - Anti-tuberculosis drug that inhibits cell wall synthesis. - -Isoniazid &
Ethambutol
- Commonly combined with trimethoprim; inhibits dihydrofolate synthesis. -
-Sulfonamides (Sulfa drugs)
- A beta-lactam antibiotic with 2 sites that can be chemically modified. - -
Cephalosporin
- An aminoglycoside; binds 30S ribosome; must be given by injection. - -
Streptomycin
- The first antibiotic used in humans. - -penicillin
- A macrolide which binds the 50S ribosomal subunit. - -Erythromycin
- Disrupt nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase. - -
Quinolone
- A polypeptide antibiotic found in topical ointments; kills group A strep. - -
Bacitracin (ABC)
- A polyene antifungal agent that disrupts membrane permeability. - -
Amphotericin B
- Antiviral agent used to treat herpes virus infections. - -Acyclovir
- Causes "black hairy tongue" as a side effect. - -Metronidazole
- A quinolone that inhibits prokaryotic DNA gyrase. - -Ciprofloxacin
- Inhibits DNA-directed RNA polymerase; used to treat tuberculosis. - -
Rifampin
- The most commonly used and produced antibiotic in the world. - -
Cephalosporins
- Antiviral thymidine analog used to treat HIV infection. - -Azidothymidine
(AZT)
- Bacteria genus that produces the most useful antibiotics - -streptomyces
- Fungi genera that produces the most useful antibiotics - --Penicillium
-acremonium (formerly known as cephalosporium)
