10/02/2025 12:33:25
PHR Certification
Consumer price index
Measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by consumers for goods
and services.
Control
To an operations department, an after-the-fact evaluation of a company's ability to
meet its own specifications and its customers' needs.
Cash flow statement
Record of how much cash is flowing into and out of an organization, including its
sources or destinations.
Centralization
Degree to which decision-making authority is restricted to higher levels of
management in an organization.
Code of ethics
Principles of conduct within an organization that guide decision making and
behavior.
Correlation
Measure that indicates the relationship between two variables.
Cost-benefit analysis
Ratio of value created to cost of creating that value; allows management to
determine the financial impact particular activities and programs have on an
organization's profitability.
Decentralization
Degree to which decision-making authority is given to lower levels in an
organization's hierarchy.
Departmentalization
Way an organization groups jobs to coordinate work.
Divestiture
Sale by a company of an asset that is not performing well, that is not core to the
company's business, or that is worth more as a separate entity.
Divisional structure
Organizational structure in which segments ae separated by product, customer or
market, or region.
Due diligence
Process of conducting an intensive investigation of an organization as one of the first
steps in a pending merger or acquisition.
Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA)
Act that makes it unlawful to intercept messages in transmission, access stored
information on electronic communication services, or disclose this information.
Enterprise management
Integrated processes and tools to allow information sharing and process
management across functions, sometimes even with external partners, such as
suppliers.
Environmental scanning
Process that involves a systematic survey and interpretation of relevant data to
identify external opportunities and threats.
Equity
Amount of owners' or shareholders' portion of a business.
Ethics
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System of moral principles and values that establish appropriate conduct.
Extended organization
Alliance between organizations to create processes and information channels that
allow communication and collaboration.
Financial ratios
Calculations designed to describe an organization's financial health and performance
from various perspectives.
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)
Prohibits American companies from making corrupt payments to foreign officials for
the purpose of obtaining or keeping business.
Formula budgeting
Form of budgeting in which an average cost is applied to comparable expenses and
general funding is changed by a specific amount.
Functional structure
Organizational structure that defines departments by what services they contribute to
the organization's overall mission.
Gantt chart
Project planning tool that graphically displays activities of a project in sequential
order and plots them against time.
Generation X
Group of people born roughly between the years of 1965 - 1980
Generation Y
Group of people born after 1980.
Gross domestic product (GDP)
Estimate of the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a given
year.
Gross profit margin
Ratio of gross profit to net sales.
HR audit
Process to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of HR programs and positions.
Human capital
Combined knowledge, skills, and experience of a company's employees.
Human resource information system (HRIS)
Systematic tool for gathering, storing, maintaining, retrieving, and revising HR data.
Human resource management (HRM)
Design of formal systems in an organization that ensure the effective and efficient
use of human capital to accomplish organizational goals.
Income statement
Statement comparing revenues, expenses, and profits over a specified period of
time, usually a year or a quarter.
Incremental budgeting
Form of budgeting in which the prior budget is the basis for allocation of funds.
Inventory
To an operations department, an organization's major asset after physical buildings
and equipment.
Key performance indicators (KPIs)
Quantifiable measures of performances used to gauge progress toward strategic
objectives or agreed standards of performance.
Liabilities
Organization's debts and other financial obligations.
, 10/02/2025 12:33:25
Line units
Work groups that conduct the major business of an organization.
Long-term objectives
Specific results, to be accomplished in three to five years, that an organization seeks
to achieve in pursuing its mission.
Marketing
Process of planning, pricing, promoting, and distributing goods and services to
satisfy organizational objectives.
Matrix structure
Organizational structure that combines departmentalization by division and function
to gain the benefits of both.
Mean
Average score or value in a set of data.
Median
Middle point above and below which 50% of scores in a set of data lie.
Mergers and acquisitions (M&A)
Combination of two separate firms either by their joining together as a relative equals
(merger) or by one acquiring the other (acquisition).
Mid-term objectives
Serve a purpose similar to short-term objectives but are completed in one to three
years.
Mission statement
Specifies what the organization does, who its customers are, and the priorities it has
set in pursuing its work.
Mode
Value that occurs most frequently in a set of data.
Net profit margin
Ratio of net income (gross sales minus expenses and taxes) to net sales.
Normal distribution
Expected distribution given a random sampling across a large population.
Offshoring
Relocation of processes or functions from a 'home' country to another country.
Percentile
Specific point in a distribution of data that has a given percentage of cases below it.
Population
Group of persons or objects or a complete set of observations or measurements
about which one whishes to draw conclusions.
Primary research
Involves data that is gathered firsthand for a specific evaluation.
Product
Whan an organization sells to make a profit.
Program evaluation and review technique (PERT) chart
Project management tool used to schedule, organize, and coordinate tasks within a
project.
Project
Series of tasks and activities that has a stated goal and objectives, a schedule with
defined start and end dates, and a budget that sets limits on the use of monetary and
human resources.
Promotion
Techniques for communicating information about products to consumers.
PHR Certification
Consumer price index
Measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by consumers for goods
and services.
Control
To an operations department, an after-the-fact evaluation of a company's ability to
meet its own specifications and its customers' needs.
Cash flow statement
Record of how much cash is flowing into and out of an organization, including its
sources or destinations.
Centralization
Degree to which decision-making authority is restricted to higher levels of
management in an organization.
Code of ethics
Principles of conduct within an organization that guide decision making and
behavior.
Correlation
Measure that indicates the relationship between two variables.
Cost-benefit analysis
Ratio of value created to cost of creating that value; allows management to
determine the financial impact particular activities and programs have on an
organization's profitability.
Decentralization
Degree to which decision-making authority is given to lower levels in an
organization's hierarchy.
Departmentalization
Way an organization groups jobs to coordinate work.
Divestiture
Sale by a company of an asset that is not performing well, that is not core to the
company's business, or that is worth more as a separate entity.
Divisional structure
Organizational structure in which segments ae separated by product, customer or
market, or region.
Due diligence
Process of conducting an intensive investigation of an organization as one of the first
steps in a pending merger or acquisition.
Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA)
Act that makes it unlawful to intercept messages in transmission, access stored
information on electronic communication services, or disclose this information.
Enterprise management
Integrated processes and tools to allow information sharing and process
management across functions, sometimes even with external partners, such as
suppliers.
Environmental scanning
Process that involves a systematic survey and interpretation of relevant data to
identify external opportunities and threats.
Equity
Amount of owners' or shareholders' portion of a business.
Ethics
,10/02/2025 12:33:25
System of moral principles and values that establish appropriate conduct.
Extended organization
Alliance between organizations to create processes and information channels that
allow communication and collaboration.
Financial ratios
Calculations designed to describe an organization's financial health and performance
from various perspectives.
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)
Prohibits American companies from making corrupt payments to foreign officials for
the purpose of obtaining or keeping business.
Formula budgeting
Form of budgeting in which an average cost is applied to comparable expenses and
general funding is changed by a specific amount.
Functional structure
Organizational structure that defines departments by what services they contribute to
the organization's overall mission.
Gantt chart
Project planning tool that graphically displays activities of a project in sequential
order and plots them against time.
Generation X
Group of people born roughly between the years of 1965 - 1980
Generation Y
Group of people born after 1980.
Gross domestic product (GDP)
Estimate of the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a given
year.
Gross profit margin
Ratio of gross profit to net sales.
HR audit
Process to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of HR programs and positions.
Human capital
Combined knowledge, skills, and experience of a company's employees.
Human resource information system (HRIS)
Systematic tool for gathering, storing, maintaining, retrieving, and revising HR data.
Human resource management (HRM)
Design of formal systems in an organization that ensure the effective and efficient
use of human capital to accomplish organizational goals.
Income statement
Statement comparing revenues, expenses, and profits over a specified period of
time, usually a year or a quarter.
Incremental budgeting
Form of budgeting in which the prior budget is the basis for allocation of funds.
Inventory
To an operations department, an organization's major asset after physical buildings
and equipment.
Key performance indicators (KPIs)
Quantifiable measures of performances used to gauge progress toward strategic
objectives or agreed standards of performance.
Liabilities
Organization's debts and other financial obligations.
, 10/02/2025 12:33:25
Line units
Work groups that conduct the major business of an organization.
Long-term objectives
Specific results, to be accomplished in three to five years, that an organization seeks
to achieve in pursuing its mission.
Marketing
Process of planning, pricing, promoting, and distributing goods and services to
satisfy organizational objectives.
Matrix structure
Organizational structure that combines departmentalization by division and function
to gain the benefits of both.
Mean
Average score or value in a set of data.
Median
Middle point above and below which 50% of scores in a set of data lie.
Mergers and acquisitions (M&A)
Combination of two separate firms either by their joining together as a relative equals
(merger) or by one acquiring the other (acquisition).
Mid-term objectives
Serve a purpose similar to short-term objectives but are completed in one to three
years.
Mission statement
Specifies what the organization does, who its customers are, and the priorities it has
set in pursuing its work.
Mode
Value that occurs most frequently in a set of data.
Net profit margin
Ratio of net income (gross sales minus expenses and taxes) to net sales.
Normal distribution
Expected distribution given a random sampling across a large population.
Offshoring
Relocation of processes or functions from a 'home' country to another country.
Percentile
Specific point in a distribution of data that has a given percentage of cases below it.
Population
Group of persons or objects or a complete set of observations or measurements
about which one whishes to draw conclusions.
Primary research
Involves data that is gathered firsthand for a specific evaluation.
Product
Whan an organization sells to make a profit.
Program evaluation and review technique (PERT) chart
Project management tool used to schedule, organize, and coordinate tasks within a
project.
Project
Series of tasks and activities that has a stated goal and objectives, a schedule with
defined start and end dates, and a budget that sets limits on the use of monetary and
human resources.
Promotion
Techniques for communicating information about products to consumers.
