BIOS 251 Anatomy and Physiology I With Lab Final Exam 2025 Graded A+

1. (TCO 7) Which of the following is NOT a major function of muscle tissue? (Points : 3) Moving blood throughout the body Generation of heat through contractions Storage of information Promotion of movement of body structures Protection of organs Question 2.2. (TCO 7) In an isotonic contraction, the muscle (Points : 3) develops force. shortens. lengthens. both develops force and shortens. both develops force and lengthens. Question 3.3. (TCO 7) The form of a muscle that stabilizes the origin of the prime mover so that it can act more efficiently is called the (Points : 3) synergist. agonist. antagonist. fixator. secondary mover. Question 4.4. (TCO 7) When you flex your bicep brachii and lift your cell phone off from the table top, the fulcrum is represented in the lever system by the (Points : 3) the bicep brachii muscle. the elbow joint. the triceps muscle. the humerus. the cell phone. 2 Question 5.5. (TCO 8) Which of the following types of cells display the property of electrical excitability? (Points : 3) Smooth muscle cells Cardiac muscle cells Neurons Skeletal muscle cells All of these choices demonstrate electrical excitability. Question 6.6. (TCO 8) The component of a neuron that provides the spatial integration of incoming signals is the (Points : 3) axon. soma. myelin sheath. axon hillock. axon terminals. Question 7.7. (TCO 8) Which of the following ventricles is found along the midline superior to the hypothalamus and within the central gray region? (Points : 3) First ventricle Second ventricle Third ventricle Fourth ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Question 8.8. (TCO 8) Which cranial nerve is involved in generating eye movements? (Points : 3) III IV VI All of the above None of the above Question 9.9. (TCO 8) Damage in the right medial frontal cortex could lead to problems associated with (Points : 3) 3 hearing. moving the right side of the body. moving the left side of the body. seeing. All of the above Question 10.10. (TCO 8) This type of brain wave activity occurs at regular intervals when a person is awake but does not occur during sleep. (Points : 3) Alpha waves Beta waves Theta waves Delta waves All of these waves occur during the waking state Question 11.11. (TCO 8) Which of the following arteries provide oxygenated blood to the central nervous system? (Points : 3) Vertebral Jugular External carotid Internal carotid Both A and D Question 12.12. (TCO 8) Hand preference when writing or throwing is an example of (Points : 3) cranial nerve functionality. hemispheric lateralization. damage to the olfactory nerve. damage to Broca’s area. cerebellar dysfunctions. Question 13.13. (TCO 8) Which of the following functional areas of the cerebrum is primarily responsible for speech production? (Points : 3) Broca’s area Wernicke’s area Primary infundibular cortex 4 Prefrontal association cortex Septum pellicudum Question 14.14. (TCO 8) Which fetal brain vesicle gives rise to the midbrain and the cerebral aqueduct? (Points : 3) Prosencephalon Mesencephalon Rhomboencephalon Telencephalon Myelencephalon Question 15.15. (TCO 8) Which of the spinal meninges is in direct contact with the spinal cord? (Points : 3) Arachnoid mater Dura mater Meninx mater Pia mater Epi mater Question 16.16. (TCO 8) The rubrospinal tract carries type of information. (Points : 3) sensory ascending descending proprioceptive unknown Question 17.17. (TCO 8) Which of the following parts of a reflex arc receives sensory information and decides how to respond to a specific change in the body’s condition? (Points : 3) Sensory receptor Sensory neuron Motor neuron Effector Integration center Question 18.18. (TCO 8) In response to a muscle being stretched, a muscle spindle initiates a 5 somatic spinal reflex that causes (Points : 3) contraction of the antagonist muscle. contraction of the agonist muscle. relaxation of the antagonist muscle. relaxation of the agonist muscle. both contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle. Question 19.19. (TCO 8) Intercostal nerves (Points : 3) are also known as cervical nerves. do not enter into a plexus and directly connect to the structures they supply. are found in the C6-T4 area of the vertebral column. extend through to the sacrum. do not exist in humans. Question 20.20. (TCO 8) Which type of descending motor pathway originates in the brainstem and governs automatic movements that help regulate muscle tone, posture, and balance? (Points : 3) Indirect pathway Direct pathway Reflex arc Somatic arc Muscle spindles Question 21.21. (TCO 8) Interoceptors are found in (Points : 3) blood vessels. visceral organs. muscles. All of the above None of the above Question 22.22. (TCO 8) Which of the following types of neurons would normally have the longest axon? (Points : 3) Somatic interneurons Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons 6 Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons Preganglionic sympathetic neurons Sympathetic lateral horn neurons Question 23.23. (TCO 8) Acetylcholine is released by postganglionic neurons and is removed from the synaptic cleft at a rate than norepinephrine. (Points : 3) sympathetic; slower sympathetic; faster parasympathetic; slower parasympathetic; faster both parasympathetic and sympathetic; slower Question 24.24. (TCO 8) Which of the following responses is NOT caused by activation of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (Points : 3) decreased heart rate. airway dilation. decreased pupil diameter. increased secretion of digestive juices. increased gastric motility. Question 25.25. (TCO 8) Which disorder is a type of neuropathy often caused by long term diabetes mellitus? (Points : 3) Raynaud’s phenomenon Autonomic dysreflexia Reflex sympathetic dystrophy Horner’s syndrome Diabetic neuropathy Question 26.26. (TCO 8) The autonomic nervous system does not control (Points : 3) exocrine glands. cardiac muscle. smooth muscle. endocrine glands. skeletal muscle. 7 Question 27.27. (TCO 8) Which layer of the skin contains the cold thermoreceptors? (Points : 3) Stratum corneum Stratum lucideum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Hypodermis Question 28.28. (TCO 8) The post central gyrus of the parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex (Points : 3) are considered the primary gustatory area. receive body sensory information. control voluntary body movements. receive visual information. provide the ability to move the eyeballs. Question 29.29. (TCO 8) The basal ganglia regulate skeletal muscle movements by (Points : 3) suppressing unwanted movements. eliminating muscle tone. initiating inhibition of cerebellar influences. conscious thoughts about movement. None of the above Question 30.30. (TCO 8) Which of the following stages of non-REM sleep is considered the deepest level of sleep? (Points : 3) Stage one Stage two Stage three Stage four Stage five Question 31.31. (TCO 8) Which of the following is a sensory pathway? (Points : 3) 8 Anterior corticospinal tract Corticobulbar tract Lateral corticospinal tract Rubrospinal tract Spinothalamic tract Question 32.32. (TCO 8) Visceral pain coming from the heart (in men) is usually felt on the surface of the body near the (Points : 3) lower back. left arm and/or chest. umbilicus. near the xiphoid process. upper forehead. Question 33.33. (TCO 8) Which disorder is characterized by difficulty in falling asleep and staying asleep? (Points : 3) Narcolepsy Insomnia Sleep apnea Coma Amnesia Question 34.34. (TCO 8) Which class of sensory receptors exclusively respond to physical or chemical damage to tissue? (Points : 3) Photoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Proprioceptors Nociceptors Thermoreceptors Question 35.35. (TCO 8) The optic nerve is functionally most closely associated with which of the following structures? (Points : 3) Optic disc Choroid Tapetum 9 Sclera Ciliary body Question 36.36. (TCO 8) Which class of cells in the retina are responsible for transmitting impulses into the brain? (Points : 3) Bipolar cells Ganglion cells Rods Amacrine cells Cones Question 37.37. (TCO 8) Which of the structures listed below converts vibrations in the endolymph into action potentials? (Points : 3) Macula Pinna Tympanic membrane Organ of Corti Cupula Question 38.38. (TCO 8) Which of the following structures are involved in detecting changes to linear accelerations in order to maintain static equilibrium? (Points : 3) Cochlear Semicircular canals Maulae of the vestibule Organ of Corti Vestibulocochlear nerve Question 39.39. (TCO 8) A person that has hyperopia will have light information focus (Points : 3) properly on the retina. in the posterior chamber in front of the retina. behind the retina. on the pupil. on the blind spot. Question 40.40. (TCO 8) Semicircular canals are responsible for transducing signals. 10 (Points : 3) auditory linear acceleration gravity angular accelerations magnetic fields Question 41.41. (TCO 8) Damage to the tympanic membrane would lead to (Points : 3) loss of taste perception. problems in near-point accommodation. difficulties in hearing. vertigo. night-blindness. Question 42.42. (TCO 9) Taste receptors are found (Points : 3) in the upper nasal passages. on the tongue. inside the mouth. All of the above both on the tongue and inside the mouth. Question 43.43. (TCO 9) Which of the choices below is a type of a secretion that is secreted by the same cell that is activated by the secretion? (Points : 3) Autocrine Endocrine Local circuit secretion Exocrine Paracrine Question 44.44. (TCO 9) Which of the following is an example of a eidosanoid? (Points : 3) Leukotriene Estrogen Nitric oxide 11 Melatonin Antidiuretic hormone Question 45.45. (TCO 9) Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates general body growth and mitosis? (Points : 3) Growth hormone Prolactin Triiodonthyronine Adrenocorticotrophic hormone Luteinizing hormone Question 46.46. (TCO 9) Which of the following hormones stimulates milk production? (Points : 3) Luteinizing hormone Prolactin Oxytocin Melanocyte stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Question 47.47. (TCO 9) Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete androgen? (Points : 3) Luteinizing hormone Prolactin Insulin-like growth factors Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Question 48.48. (TCO 9) Excess growth hormone from the pituitary gland as a child leads to (Points : 3) pituitary dwarfism. achondroplasia. gigantism. acromegaly. Grave’s disease. Question 49.49. (TCO 9) Failure of the posterior pituitary to secrete antidiuretic hormone would 12 lead to (Points : 3) a small amount of concentrated urine. glucose in the urine. a large amount of dilute urine. increased secretion of erythropoietin. retention of sodium ions. Question 50.50. (TCO 9) Secretion of parathyroid hormone would lead to increased activity of (Points : 3) osteoblasts. osteocytes. osteoclasts. megakaryocytes. fibroblasts.