CPH 672 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS.
Reflecting,on,what,you,have,learned,so,far,in,this,course,,which,reason,best,explains,why,the,STROBE,che
cklist,includes,an,item,pertaining,to,describing,the,number,of,people,who,were,eligible,for,the,study,,the,
number,who,enrolled,,the,number,who,provided,data,at,each,assessment,point,,etc.?,,ANS,-
,This,is,required,to,aid,the,reader,in,making,judgments,about,potential,sample,bias.
In,the,Chandler,et,al,RCT,Study,from,module,11,,you,read,about,"alcohol,and,sexual,risk,reduction".,The,a
uthors,describe,a,"3,arm,RCT",-,this,refers,to:,,ANS,-
,the,2,intervention,conditions,(CBI,,and,CBI,enhanced,with,boosters),plus,the,control,condition,on,oral,hea
lth
Of,the,three,sample,papers,you,reviewed,for,module,11,,only,one,can,be,said,to,have,a,very,high,level,of,e
xternal,validity.,Think,carefully,about,the,meaning,of,external,validity,(a,concept,you,have,already,learned
,about,in,this,course),and,select,the,one,study,that,clearly,has,the,greatest,level,of,external,validity.,,ANS,-
,Zhong,et,al,quasi-experimental,article
In,the,Byrne,et,al,Cohort,Study,from,module,11,,you,read,about,"PrEP-
RN"..,The,authors,discuss,the,"consistency",of,their,findings,with,other,studies.,In,this,regard,,if,we,are,rea
ding,a,systematic,review,of,nurse-
led,PrEP,promotion,programs,you,would,expect,to,find,this,article,plus,at,least,3,more,(as,noted,in,this,arti
cle).,By,number,of,citation,,these,are:,,ANS,-,6,,8,,and,9
Reflecting,on,what,you,have,learned,so,far,in,this,course,,which,reason,best,explains,why,the,TREND,chec
klist,includes,an,item,pertaining,to,the,baseline,characteristics,of,the,compared,populations,,relative,to,th
e,disease,of,focus,for,the,intervention?,,ANS,-
,When,comparing,intervention,effects,between,communities,it,is,important,to,know,if,one,community,wa
s,ahead,or,behind,the,other(s),relative,to,the,prevalence,or,incidence,of,the,disease,being,targeted,by,the,
intervention.
Reflecting,on,what,you,have,learned,so,far,in,this,course,,which,reason,best,explains,why,the,CONSORT,ch
ecklist,includes,an,item,pertaining,to,sample,size,calculations?,,ANS,-
,Because,RCTs,rely,on,significance,testing,,sample,sizes,that,are,too,small,will,not,have,a,"fair,chance",of,t
esting,the,intervention,for,statistical,significance.
, In,the,Zhong,et,al,quasi-
experimental,article,you,read,in,module,11,it,was,reported,that,the,final,sample,size,was,515,-
,a,value,that,was,much,smaller,than,the,target,set,as,the,study,began.,It,was,also,reported,that,effect,sizes
,were,small,and,essentially,non-
significant.,From,what,you,know,about,this,article,,which,set,of,statements,is,true?,,ANS,-
,It,is,likely,that,the,small,sample,size,provided,a,lack,of,statistical,power,-
,this,was,the,main,reason,why,the,very,small,effect,sizes,were,not,significant.
In,the,Zhong,et,al,quasi-
experimental,article,you,read,in,module,11,,it,was,reported,that,baseline,surveys,were,completed,by,151
4,people,from,the,Philly,group,and,1253,from,the,non-
Philly,group.,This,N,,however,,was,first,greatly,reduced,to:,,ANS,-,only,one-
third,of,this,original,size,(because,of,non-response,to,attempts,at,making,follow-up,calls)
Reflecting,on,what,you,have,learned,so,far,in,this,course,,which,reason,best,explains,why,the,TREND,chec
klist,includes,an,item,pertaining,to,"the,unit,of,assignment"?,,ANS,-
,This,will,vary,as,a,function,of,the,intervention.,For,instance,,interventions,delivered,to,an,entire,geograph
ic,community,would,have,to,be,evaluated,with,a,study,design,than,compared,communities,that,did,and,di
d,not,receive,the,program.
Reflecting,on,what,you,have,learned,so,far,in,this,course,,which,reason,best,explains,why,the,CONSORT,ch
ecklist,includes,an,item,pertaining,to,the,exact,study,outcomes,that,were,assessed?,,ANS,-
,All,RCTs,must,have,a,trial,registration,number,-
,to,obtain,this,the,authors/investigators,must,specify,the,study,hypotheses,(including,the,outcome,measu
res),prior,to,starting,the,intervention,period.
In,the,Byrne,et,al,Cohort,Study,from,module,11,,you,read,about,"PrEP-
RN".,The,authors,describe,a,fair,amount,of,"narrowing,down",regarding,the,sample,size,that,was,actually,f
ollowed,as,a,prospective,cohort.,The,number,is:,,ANS,-,89
RCTs,pertaining,to,"mask,wearing",as,a,COVID-
19,prevention,strategy,are,just,now,being,published.,Assume,that,six,are,published,,and,peer-
reviewed.,These,six,RCTs,(each,of,about,150,people),produced,consistent,findings,,with,all,six,reporting,s
mall,effect,sizes.,Each,of,these,six,trials,studied,people,who,volunteered,for,a,clinical,trial,and,each,featur
ed,randomization,at,the,individual,level.,You,then,locate,a,7th,study,,with,this,one,being,a,quasi-
experimental,study,that,compared,an,entire,county,school,district,that,required,and,enforced,correct,ma
sk-
wearing,among,all,students,(all,ages),,staff,,teachers,,and,administrators,against,a,similar,sized,school,dist
rict,in,a,separate,area,of,the,same,state,that,had,restrictions,against,mask-
SOLUTIONS.
Reflecting,on,what,you,have,learned,so,far,in,this,course,,which,reason,best,explains,why,the,STROBE,che
cklist,includes,an,item,pertaining,to,describing,the,number,of,people,who,were,eligible,for,the,study,,the,
number,who,enrolled,,the,number,who,provided,data,at,each,assessment,point,,etc.?,,ANS,-
,This,is,required,to,aid,the,reader,in,making,judgments,about,potential,sample,bias.
In,the,Chandler,et,al,RCT,Study,from,module,11,,you,read,about,"alcohol,and,sexual,risk,reduction".,The,a
uthors,describe,a,"3,arm,RCT",-,this,refers,to:,,ANS,-
,the,2,intervention,conditions,(CBI,,and,CBI,enhanced,with,boosters),plus,the,control,condition,on,oral,hea
lth
Of,the,three,sample,papers,you,reviewed,for,module,11,,only,one,can,be,said,to,have,a,very,high,level,of,e
xternal,validity.,Think,carefully,about,the,meaning,of,external,validity,(a,concept,you,have,already,learned
,about,in,this,course),and,select,the,one,study,that,clearly,has,the,greatest,level,of,external,validity.,,ANS,-
,Zhong,et,al,quasi-experimental,article
In,the,Byrne,et,al,Cohort,Study,from,module,11,,you,read,about,"PrEP-
RN"..,The,authors,discuss,the,"consistency",of,their,findings,with,other,studies.,In,this,regard,,if,we,are,rea
ding,a,systematic,review,of,nurse-
led,PrEP,promotion,programs,you,would,expect,to,find,this,article,plus,at,least,3,more,(as,noted,in,this,arti
cle).,By,number,of,citation,,these,are:,,ANS,-,6,,8,,and,9
Reflecting,on,what,you,have,learned,so,far,in,this,course,,which,reason,best,explains,why,the,TREND,chec
klist,includes,an,item,pertaining,to,the,baseline,characteristics,of,the,compared,populations,,relative,to,th
e,disease,of,focus,for,the,intervention?,,ANS,-
,When,comparing,intervention,effects,between,communities,it,is,important,to,know,if,one,community,wa
s,ahead,or,behind,the,other(s),relative,to,the,prevalence,or,incidence,of,the,disease,being,targeted,by,the,
intervention.
Reflecting,on,what,you,have,learned,so,far,in,this,course,,which,reason,best,explains,why,the,CONSORT,ch
ecklist,includes,an,item,pertaining,to,sample,size,calculations?,,ANS,-
,Because,RCTs,rely,on,significance,testing,,sample,sizes,that,are,too,small,will,not,have,a,"fair,chance",of,t
esting,the,intervention,for,statistical,significance.
, In,the,Zhong,et,al,quasi-
experimental,article,you,read,in,module,11,it,was,reported,that,the,final,sample,size,was,515,-
,a,value,that,was,much,smaller,than,the,target,set,as,the,study,began.,It,was,also,reported,that,effect,sizes
,were,small,and,essentially,non-
significant.,From,what,you,know,about,this,article,,which,set,of,statements,is,true?,,ANS,-
,It,is,likely,that,the,small,sample,size,provided,a,lack,of,statistical,power,-
,this,was,the,main,reason,why,the,very,small,effect,sizes,were,not,significant.
In,the,Zhong,et,al,quasi-
experimental,article,you,read,in,module,11,,it,was,reported,that,baseline,surveys,were,completed,by,151
4,people,from,the,Philly,group,and,1253,from,the,non-
Philly,group.,This,N,,however,,was,first,greatly,reduced,to:,,ANS,-,only,one-
third,of,this,original,size,(because,of,non-response,to,attempts,at,making,follow-up,calls)
Reflecting,on,what,you,have,learned,so,far,in,this,course,,which,reason,best,explains,why,the,TREND,chec
klist,includes,an,item,pertaining,to,"the,unit,of,assignment"?,,ANS,-
,This,will,vary,as,a,function,of,the,intervention.,For,instance,,interventions,delivered,to,an,entire,geograph
ic,community,would,have,to,be,evaluated,with,a,study,design,than,compared,communities,that,did,and,di
d,not,receive,the,program.
Reflecting,on,what,you,have,learned,so,far,in,this,course,,which,reason,best,explains,why,the,CONSORT,ch
ecklist,includes,an,item,pertaining,to,the,exact,study,outcomes,that,were,assessed?,,ANS,-
,All,RCTs,must,have,a,trial,registration,number,-
,to,obtain,this,the,authors/investigators,must,specify,the,study,hypotheses,(including,the,outcome,measu
res),prior,to,starting,the,intervention,period.
In,the,Byrne,et,al,Cohort,Study,from,module,11,,you,read,about,"PrEP-
RN".,The,authors,describe,a,fair,amount,of,"narrowing,down",regarding,the,sample,size,that,was,actually,f
ollowed,as,a,prospective,cohort.,The,number,is:,,ANS,-,89
RCTs,pertaining,to,"mask,wearing",as,a,COVID-
19,prevention,strategy,are,just,now,being,published.,Assume,that,six,are,published,,and,peer-
reviewed.,These,six,RCTs,(each,of,about,150,people),produced,consistent,findings,,with,all,six,reporting,s
mall,effect,sizes.,Each,of,these,six,trials,studied,people,who,volunteered,for,a,clinical,trial,and,each,featur
ed,randomization,at,the,individual,level.,You,then,locate,a,7th,study,,with,this,one,being,a,quasi-
experimental,study,that,compared,an,entire,county,school,district,that,required,and,enforced,correct,ma
sk-
wearing,among,all,students,(all,ages),,staff,,teachers,,and,administrators,against,a,similar,sized,school,dist
rict,in,a,separate,area,of,the,same,state,that,had,restrictions,against,mask-
