Solution Manual for
Statistics for Nursing
Research A Workbook
for Evidence-Based
Practice 3rd Edition
Susan Grove Daisha
,The questions are in bold followed by answers.
1. In44Table441,44identify44the44level44of44measurement44for44the44current44therapy44variabl
e.44Provide44a44rationale44for44your44answer.
Answer:44The44current44therapy44variable44was44measured44at44the44nominal44level.44These44
drug44categories44were44probably44developed44to44be44exhaustive44for44this44study44and44includ
ed44the44categories44of44drugs44the44subjects44were44receiving.44However,44the44categories44are4
4not44exclusive,44since44patients44are44usually44on44more44than44one44category44of44these44dru
gs44to44manage44their44health44problems.44The44current44therapies44are44not44measured44at44the
44ordinal44level44because44they44cannot44be44rank44ordered,44since44no44drug44category44can44be4
4considered44more44or44less44beneficial44than44another44drug44category44(see44Figure441-
1;44Grove44&44Gray,442019).
2. What44 is44 the44 mode44 for44 the44 current44 therapy44 variable44 in4 4 this4 4 study?44 Provide
44 a44 rationale44 for44your44answer.
Answer:44 The44 mode44 for44 current44 therapy44 was44 β44blocker.44 A44 total44 of44 10044 (94%)44 of44 the44 ca
rdiac44 patients
were4 4 receiving4 4 this4 4 category4 4 of4 4 drug,4 4 which4 4 was4 4 the4 4 most4 4 common4 4 prescri
bed4 4 drug4 4 for4 4 this44sample.
3. What44statistics44were44conducted44to44describe44the44BMI44of44the44cardiac44patients44i
n44this44sample?44Discuss44whether44these44analysis44techniques44were44appropriate44or44i
nappropriate.
Answer:44 BMI44 was44 described44 with44 a44 mean44 and44 standard44 deviation44 (SD).44 BMI44 measur
ement44 resulted44in44ratio-
level44data44with44continuous44values44and44an44absolute44zero44(Stone44&44Frazier,442017).44
Ratio-
44level44data44should44be44analyzed44with44parametric44statistics 44such44as44the44mean44and44S
D44(Grove44&44Gray,442017;44Knapp,442017).
4. Researchers44used44the44following44item44to44measure44registered44nurses’44(RNs)44incom
e44in44a44study:44What44category44identifies44your44current44income44as44an44RN?
a.4 4 Less44than44$50,000
b.4 4 $50,00044to4459,999
c.4 4 $60,00044to4469,999
d.4 4 $70,00044to4480,000
e.4 4 $80,00044or44greater
What44 level44 of44 measurement44 is44 this44 income44 variable?44 Does44 the44 income44 varia
ble44 follow44 the44rules44outlined44in44Figure441-
1?44Provide44a44rationale44for44your44answer.
Answer:44 In44 this44 example,44 the44income44 variable44 is44 measured44 at44 the44 ordinal44level.44The
44 income44 catego-
,44ries44are44exhaustive,44ranging44from44less44than44$50,00044to44greater44than44$80,000.44The44
two44open-ended
AG441-1
, AG441-2 Answer4 4 Guidelines4 4 for4 4 Questions4 4 to4 4 Be4 4 Graded
categories44ensure44that44all44salary44levels44are44covered.44The44categories44are44not44exclusive,4
4since44catego-
44ries44(d)44and44(e)44include44an44$80,00044salary,44so44study44participants44making44$80,0004
4might44mark44either44 (d)44 or44 (e)44 or44 both44 categories, 44 resulting44 in44 erroneous44 data.44
Category44 (e)44 could44 be44 changed44to44greater44than44$80,000,44making44the44categories44ex
clusive.44The44categories44can44be44rank44ordered44from44the44lowest44salary44to44the44highes
t44salary,44which44is44consistent44with44ordinal44data44(Grove44&44Gray,442019;44Waltz44et44al
.,442017).
5. What44level44of44measurement44is44the44CDS44score?44Provide44a44rationale44for44your44answer
.
Answer:44The44CDS44score44is44at44the44interval44level44of44measurement.44The44CDS44is44a4
426-
item44Likert44scale44developed44to44measure44depression44in44cardiac44patients.44Study44parti
cipants44rated44their44symp-
44toms44on44a44scale44of44144to447,44with44higher44numbers44indicating44increased44severity44i
n44the44depression44symptoms.44The44total44scores44for44each44subject44obtained44from44this44
multi-
item44scale44are44considered44to44be44at44the44interval44level44of44measurement44(Gray44et44al.,
442017;44Waltz44et44al.,442017).
6. Were44nonparametric44or44parametric44analysis44techniques44used44to44analyze44the44CD
S44scores44for44the44cardiac44patients44in44this44study?44Provide44a44rationale44for44your44a
nswer.
Answer:44Parametric44statistics,44such44as4 4 mean4 4 and4 4 SD,4 4 were4 4 conducted4 4 to4 4 descri
be4 4 CDS4 4 scores44for44study44participants44(see44Table441).44CDS44scores44are44interval-
level44data44as44indicated44in44Questions445,44so44parametric44statistics44are44appropriate44for44this
44level44of44data44(Gray44et44al.,442017;44Kim44&44Mallory,442017).
7. Is44the44prevalence44of44depression44linked44to44the44NYHA44class?44Discuss44the44clinic
al44importance44of44this44result.
Answer:44The44study44narrative44indicated44that44the44prevalence44of44depression44increased44
with44the44greater44NYHA44class.44In44NYHA44class44III,4464%44of44the44subjects44were44depres
sed,44whereas4411%44of44the44subjects44were44depressed44in44NYHA44class44I.44Thus,44as44the44N
YHA44class44increased,44the44number44of44sub-
44jects44with44depression44increased.44This44is44an44expected44finding44because44as44the44NYHA44
class44increases,44cardiac44patients44have44more44severe44physical44symptoms,44which44usually44r
esult44in44emotional44distress,44such44 as44 depression.44 Nurses44 need44 to44 actively44 assess44 cardi
ac44 patients44 for44 depression,44 especially44 those44in44higher44NYHA44classes,44so44they44might44
be44diagnosed44and44treated44as44needed.
8. What44frequency44and44percent44of44cardiac44patients44in44this44study44were44not44being
44treated44with44an44antidepressant? 44Show44your44calculations44and44round44your44ans
wer44to44the44nearest44whole44percent44(%).
Answer:44A44total4444of44441064444cardiac4444patients4444participated4444in4444this4444study.4444
The4444sample4444included441544patients44who44were44receiving44an44antidepressant44(see44Ta
ble441).44The4444number4444of4444cardiac44patients4 4 not4 4 treated4 4 for4 4 depression4 4 was4 4 91
4 4 (1064 4 –
4 4 154 4 =44 91).4 4 The4 4 group4 4 percent4 4 is4 4 calculated44by4 4 the4 4 following 4 4 formula:4 4 (gro
up4 4 frequency4 4 ÷4 4 total4 4 sample4 4 size)4 4 ×4 4 100%.4 4 For4 4 this4 4 study,44(9144patients44
÷4410644sample44size)44×44100%44=440.85844×44100%44=4485.8%44=4486%.44The4444fin
al44answer4 4 is4 4 rounded4 4 to4 4 the4 4 nearest4 4 whole4 4 percent4 4 as4 4 directed4 4 in4 4 the4 4 questi
on.4 4 You4 4 could4 4 have44also44subtracted44the4414%44of44patients44treated44with44antidepressa
nts44from44100%44and44obtained44the4486%44 who44 were44 not44 treated44 with44 an44 antidepress
ant.
Statistics for Nursing
Research A Workbook
for Evidence-Based
Practice 3rd Edition
Susan Grove Daisha
,The questions are in bold followed by answers.
1. In44Table441,44identify44the44level44of44measurement44for44the44current44therapy44variabl
e.44Provide44a44rationale44for44your44answer.
Answer:44The44current44therapy44variable44was44measured44at44the44nominal44level.44These44
drug44categories44were44probably44developed44to44be44exhaustive44for44this44study44and44includ
ed44the44categories44of44drugs44the44subjects44were44receiving.44However,44the44categories44are4
4not44exclusive,44since44patients44are44usually44on44more44than44one44category44of44these44dru
gs44to44manage44their44health44problems.44The44current44therapies44are44not44measured44at44the
44ordinal44level44because44they44cannot44be44rank44ordered,44since44no44drug44category44can44be4
4considered44more44or44less44beneficial44than44another44drug44category44(see44Figure441-
1;44Grove44&44Gray,442019).
2. What44 is44 the44 mode44 for44 the44 current44 therapy44 variable44 in4 4 this4 4 study?44 Provide
44 a44 rationale44 for44your44answer.
Answer:44 The44 mode44 for44 current44 therapy44 was44 β44blocker.44 A44 total44 of44 10044 (94%)44 of44 the44 ca
rdiac44 patients
were4 4 receiving4 4 this4 4 category4 4 of4 4 drug,4 4 which4 4 was4 4 the4 4 most4 4 common4 4 prescri
bed4 4 drug4 4 for4 4 this44sample.
3. What44statistics44were44conducted44to44describe44the44BMI44of44the44cardiac44patients44i
n44this44sample?44Discuss44whether44these44analysis44techniques44were44appropriate44or44i
nappropriate.
Answer:44 BMI44 was44 described44 with44 a44 mean44 and44 standard44 deviation44 (SD).44 BMI44 measur
ement44 resulted44in44ratio-
level44data44with44continuous44values44and44an44absolute44zero44(Stone44&44Frazier,442017).44
Ratio-
44level44data44should44be44analyzed44with44parametric44statistics 44such44as44the44mean44and44S
D44(Grove44&44Gray,442017;44Knapp,442017).
4. Researchers44used44the44following44item44to44measure44registered44nurses’44(RNs)44incom
e44in44a44study:44What44category44identifies44your44current44income44as44an44RN?
a.4 4 Less44than44$50,000
b.4 4 $50,00044to4459,999
c.4 4 $60,00044to4469,999
d.4 4 $70,00044to4480,000
e.4 4 $80,00044or44greater
What44 level44 of44 measurement44 is44 this44 income44 variable?44 Does44 the44 income44 varia
ble44 follow44 the44rules44outlined44in44Figure441-
1?44Provide44a44rationale44for44your44answer.
Answer:44 In44 this44 example,44 the44income44 variable44 is44 measured44 at44 the44 ordinal44level.44The
44 income44 catego-
,44ries44are44exhaustive,44ranging44from44less44than44$50,00044to44greater44than44$80,000.44The44
two44open-ended
AG441-1
, AG441-2 Answer4 4 Guidelines4 4 for4 4 Questions4 4 to4 4 Be4 4 Graded
categories44ensure44that44all44salary44levels44are44covered.44The44categories44are44not44exclusive,4
4since44catego-
44ries44(d)44and44(e)44include44an44$80,00044salary,44so44study44participants44making44$80,0004
4might44mark44either44 (d)44 or44 (e)44 or44 both44 categories, 44 resulting44 in44 erroneous44 data.44
Category44 (e)44 could44 be44 changed44to44greater44than44$80,000,44making44the44categories44ex
clusive.44The44categories44can44be44rank44ordered44from44the44lowest44salary44to44the44highes
t44salary,44which44is44consistent44with44ordinal44data44(Grove44&44Gray,442019;44Waltz44et44al
.,442017).
5. What44level44of44measurement44is44the44CDS44score?44Provide44a44rationale44for44your44answer
.
Answer:44The44CDS44score44is44at44the44interval44level44of44measurement.44The44CDS44is44a4
426-
item44Likert44scale44developed44to44measure44depression44in44cardiac44patients.44Study44parti
cipants44rated44their44symp-
44toms44on44a44scale44of44144to447,44with44higher44numbers44indicating44increased44severity44i
n44the44depression44symptoms.44The44total44scores44for44each44subject44obtained44from44this44
multi-
item44scale44are44considered44to44be44at44the44interval44level44of44measurement44(Gray44et44al.,
442017;44Waltz44et44al.,442017).
6. Were44nonparametric44or44parametric44analysis44techniques44used44to44analyze44the44CD
S44scores44for44the44cardiac44patients44in44this44study?44Provide44a44rationale44for44your44a
nswer.
Answer:44Parametric44statistics,44such44as4 4 mean4 4 and4 4 SD,4 4 were4 4 conducted4 4 to4 4 descri
be4 4 CDS4 4 scores44for44study44participants44(see44Table441).44CDS44scores44are44interval-
level44data44as44indicated44in44Questions445,44so44parametric44statistics44are44appropriate44for44this
44level44of44data44(Gray44et44al.,442017;44Kim44&44Mallory,442017).
7. Is44the44prevalence44of44depression44linked44to44the44NYHA44class?44Discuss44the44clinic
al44importance44of44this44result.
Answer:44The44study44narrative44indicated44that44the44prevalence44of44depression44increased44
with44the44greater44NYHA44class.44In44NYHA44class44III,4464%44of44the44subjects44were44depres
sed,44whereas4411%44of44the44subjects44were44depressed44in44NYHA44class44I.44Thus,44as44the44N
YHA44class44increased,44the44number44of44sub-
44jects44with44depression44increased.44This44is44an44expected44finding44because44as44the44NYHA44
class44increases,44cardiac44patients44have44more44severe44physical44symptoms,44which44usually44r
esult44in44emotional44distress,44such44 as44 depression.44 Nurses44 need44 to44 actively44 assess44 cardi
ac44 patients44 for44 depression,44 especially44 those44in44higher44NYHA44classes,44so44they44might44
be44diagnosed44and44treated44as44needed.
8. What44frequency44and44percent44of44cardiac44patients44in44this44study44were44not44being
44treated44with44an44antidepressant? 44Show44your44calculations44and44round44your44ans
wer44to44the44nearest44whole44percent44(%).
Answer:44A44total4444of44441064444cardiac4444patients4444participated4444in4444this4444study.4444
The4444sample4444included441544patients44who44were44receiving44an44antidepressant44(see44Ta
ble441).44The4444number4444of4444cardiac44patients4 4 not4 4 treated4 4 for4 4 depression4 4 was4 4 91
4 4 (1064 4 –
4 4 154 4 =44 91).4 4 The4 4 group4 4 percent4 4 is4 4 calculated44by4 4 the4 4 following 4 4 formula:4 4 (gro
up4 4 frequency4 4 ÷4 4 total4 4 sample4 4 size)4 4 ×4 4 100%.4 4 For4 4 this4 4 study,44(9144patients44
÷4410644sample44size)44×44100%44=440.85844×44100%44=4485.8%44=4486%.44The4444fin
al44answer4 4 is4 4 rounded4 4 to4 4 the4 4 nearest4 4 whole4 4 percent4 4 as4 4 directed4 4 in4 4 the4 4 questi
on.4 4 You4 4 could4 4 have44also44subtracted44the4414%44of44patients44treated44with44antidepressa
nts44from44100%44and44obtained44the4486%44 who44 were44 not44 treated44 with44 an44 antidepress
ant.
