D313 A&P 2 Study Latest Material + Questions
with 100% Correct Answers| Verified
Role of the heart
Pumps blood throughout the body, ensuring that oxygen and nutrients reach various
tissues and organs, and waste removal.
Heart location
Mediastinum in between lungs
Layers of the heart wall
Fibrous pericardium, epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
Fibrous pericardium
The outer most layer of the heart that has a tough, fibrous sac that surrounds and
protects it.
Epicardium
Thin outer layer covering the heart muscle; also known as the visceral pericardium.
Myocardium
The middle and thickest layer, a smooth membrane that lines the chambers of the heart
and covers the heart valves.
Endocardium
The innermost layer, a smooth membrane that lines the chambers of the heart and
covers the heart valves.
Chambers of the heart
,Atria and ventricles
Atria
2 upper chambers that receive blood returning to the heart.
Ventricles
2 lower chambers that pump blood out of the heart either to the lungs or the body.
Valves of the heart
Pulmonary, aortic, atrioventricular, mitral
Pulmonary Valve
Located between the right ventricle and the left pulmonary artery, it prevents blood
from flowing back into the right ventricle.
Aortic Valve
Located between the left ventricle and the aorta, it prevents blood from flowing back
into the left ventricle.
Atrioventricular Valves
Also known as the tricuspid valve; located between the right atrium and the right
ventricle.
Mitral Valve
Also known as the bicuspid valve; located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
Artery
Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to various parts of the
body. They have thick, elastic walls to with stand the high pressure generated by the
pumping action of the heart.
,Arterioles
Small branches of the arteries that further divide and lead to capillaries.
Capillaries
Tiny, thin-walled vessels where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products
occurs between the blood flow and pressure.
Venules
Small vessels that collect blood from capillaries and gradually merge veins.
Veins
Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart; they have thinner walls
than arteries and contain valves to prevent back flow.
Elastic arteries
large arteries near the heart (ex: aorta) that contain a high proportion of elastic fibers in
their walls. They can stretch and recoil, helping maintain a continuous blood flow during
the cardiac cycle.
Muscular arteries
Medium-sized arteries that distribute blood to various parts of the body. They have a
greater amount of smooth muscles in their walls, allowing them to regulate blood flow
to specific regions by adjusting vessel diameter.
Arterioles
Small arteries that connect to capillaries; they play a key role in regulating blood flow
and pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation of their walls.
Vasomotion
, The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels,
particularly arterioles. Helps regulate blood flow and maintain blood pressure.
Influenced by various factors, including neural, hormonal, and local control mechanisms.
How do capillaries allow for exchange?
Diffusion, bulk flow, transcytosis, and active transportation
Diffusion
Most common mechanism of exchange in capillaries where substances like oxygen,
nutrients, and waste products move across the capillary walls from areas of higher
concentration to lower concentration.
Bulk flow
Movement of large quantities of fluid and dissolved substances due to pressure
differences. This process facilitates the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste
products.
Transcytosis
Transport of macromolecules across capillary walls by being engulfed in vesicles on one
side and released on the other.
Active Transport
Certain substances are actively transported across capillary walls against their
concentration gradients.
Systemic Circulation
Pathway of blood flow that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body's
tissues and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Aorta
with 100% Correct Answers| Verified
Role of the heart
Pumps blood throughout the body, ensuring that oxygen and nutrients reach various
tissues and organs, and waste removal.
Heart location
Mediastinum in between lungs
Layers of the heart wall
Fibrous pericardium, epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
Fibrous pericardium
The outer most layer of the heart that has a tough, fibrous sac that surrounds and
protects it.
Epicardium
Thin outer layer covering the heart muscle; also known as the visceral pericardium.
Myocardium
The middle and thickest layer, a smooth membrane that lines the chambers of the heart
and covers the heart valves.
Endocardium
The innermost layer, a smooth membrane that lines the chambers of the heart and
covers the heart valves.
Chambers of the heart
,Atria and ventricles
Atria
2 upper chambers that receive blood returning to the heart.
Ventricles
2 lower chambers that pump blood out of the heart either to the lungs or the body.
Valves of the heart
Pulmonary, aortic, atrioventricular, mitral
Pulmonary Valve
Located between the right ventricle and the left pulmonary artery, it prevents blood
from flowing back into the right ventricle.
Aortic Valve
Located between the left ventricle and the aorta, it prevents blood from flowing back
into the left ventricle.
Atrioventricular Valves
Also known as the tricuspid valve; located between the right atrium and the right
ventricle.
Mitral Valve
Also known as the bicuspid valve; located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
Artery
Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to various parts of the
body. They have thick, elastic walls to with stand the high pressure generated by the
pumping action of the heart.
,Arterioles
Small branches of the arteries that further divide and lead to capillaries.
Capillaries
Tiny, thin-walled vessels where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products
occurs between the blood flow and pressure.
Venules
Small vessels that collect blood from capillaries and gradually merge veins.
Veins
Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart; they have thinner walls
than arteries and contain valves to prevent back flow.
Elastic arteries
large arteries near the heart (ex: aorta) that contain a high proportion of elastic fibers in
their walls. They can stretch and recoil, helping maintain a continuous blood flow during
the cardiac cycle.
Muscular arteries
Medium-sized arteries that distribute blood to various parts of the body. They have a
greater amount of smooth muscles in their walls, allowing them to regulate blood flow
to specific regions by adjusting vessel diameter.
Arterioles
Small arteries that connect to capillaries; they play a key role in regulating blood flow
and pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation of their walls.
Vasomotion
, The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels,
particularly arterioles. Helps regulate blood flow and maintain blood pressure.
Influenced by various factors, including neural, hormonal, and local control mechanisms.
How do capillaries allow for exchange?
Diffusion, bulk flow, transcytosis, and active transportation
Diffusion
Most common mechanism of exchange in capillaries where substances like oxygen,
nutrients, and waste products move across the capillary walls from areas of higher
concentration to lower concentration.
Bulk flow
Movement of large quantities of fluid and dissolved substances due to pressure
differences. This process facilitates the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste
products.
Transcytosis
Transport of macromolecules across capillary walls by being engulfed in vesicles on one
side and released on the other.
Active Transport
Certain substances are actively transported across capillary walls against their
concentration gradients.
Systemic Circulation
Pathway of blood flow that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body's
tissues and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Aorta
