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Portage Pathophysiology Exam
1 Questions and Answers |
Comprehensive Study Guide
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Portage Pathophysiology Exam 1
Questions And Answers 100% Correct.
Definition of Pathophysiology Answer- defined as not only the cellular and organ
changes that occur with disease, but also the effects that these changes have on
total body function.
5 etiologic factors and an example of each Answer- Biological: bacteria and viruses
Physical: trauma, burns, and radiation
Chemical: poisons, drugs
One's genetic inheritance
Nutritional excesses or deficiencies
2 types of risk factors Answer- congenital factors (present at birth) or acquired
(occurring after birth)
Difference between morphology and histology Answer- Morphology - fundamental
structure or form of cells or tissues (includes the gross and microscopic changes)
Histology - study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues (at the tissue
level)
Signs and symptoms Answer- Signs - objective and can be seen or measured.
Elevated temp, leg edema, and changes in pupil size.
symptoms - subjective. pain, trouble breathing, dizziness.
3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis? Answer- Patient history,
physical examination, and diagnostic tests.
Validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity definitions. Answer- Validity - how a tool
measure what it is intended to measure.
Reliability - likelihood the same result occurring with multiple testing.
Sensitivity - the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease.
Specificity - are people without the disease who are negative on a given test.
Define epidemiology and name some thing that it tracks. Answer- Epidemiology is
the study of disease occurrence in human populations. It tracks, age, race, dietary
habits, lifestyle, or geographic location.
Difference between incidence and prevalence Answer- Incidence - the number of
new cases in a population
Prevalence - the number of people with the disease in a population in a given time
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Define Mortality and Morbidity Answer- Mortality - the statistics that deal with cause
of death in a population
Morbidity is the effect of illness on one's life.
Define Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give an example of each.
Answer- Primary: remove risk factors to prevent disease from occurring. Examples -
yearly check up, daily vitamin, vaccination, wearing seatbelts or helmets.
Secondary: detect and treat disease early, usually while the disease is asymptomatic
and curable. Example - pap smears, checking bp and cholesterol and colonoscopy
screening. Usually all done by setting of a physician.
Tertiary: occurs after a diagnosis has been made and clinical interventions are
needed to reduce complications.
Why is evidence based practice important? Answer- Evidence-based practice is the
conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making
decisions about the care of individual patients. This is to counteract "the way things
have always been done," and to practice based on clinical research.
what are the 3 primary structures of the cell? Answer- Nucleus, cytoplasm, and
plasma membrane
What is the function of the nucleus? Answer- control center of the cell and contains
DNA and RNA
Name 3 structures within the nucleus Answer- chromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear
envelope
what organelles are located in the cytoplasm? Answer- Ribosomes, golgi apparatus,
Endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lysosomes.
Roles of ribosomes, rough ER and smooth ER Answer- Ribosomes - synthesize
proteins
Rough ER - contain ribosomes and functions to synthesize lysosomal enzymes. The
smooth ER does not have ribosomes and is the site for lipid, lipoprotein, and steroid
hormones synthesis.
What is the function of the lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria? Answer-
Lysosomes (acid hydrolases) - digestive system of the cell. Break down cell excess,
worn cellular substance and foreign substances.
Peroxisomes - smaller than lysosomes and function in the control of free radicals.
mitochondria - power plant. produce
ATP.
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What is contained in the cytoskeleton and what is its function? Answer- contains a
network of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and thick filaments.
They control cell shape and movement.
Examples of cilia and flagella found in the human body. Answer- Cilia can be found
on many epithelial linings, including the nasal sinuses and bronchi in the upper
respiratory system,
In the human body, only spermatozoa contain flagella.
What are the 4 functions of the cell membrane? Answer- - transport of material from
the outside to within.
- binds hormone receptors
- helps with conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells
- aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation.
Why do cells need to communicate with one another? Answer- cells must have the
ability to communicate with one another, transport substances in and out, and
respond to these changes.
4 types of cell signaling. Answer- Endocrine - hormones in the blood stream
paracrine - act on neighboring cells
autocrine - acts on itself
synaptic - occurs in nervous system as neurotransmitter
Process of up and down regulation Answer- Every cell has a distinct set of surface
receptors that allow it to respond to signaling molecules in a specific way. These
proteins can increase or decrease in number according to the needs of the cell.
When there are too many chemical messengers present, the number of active
receptors decreases in a process called down-regulation. When the messengers are
lacking, the number of receptors increases through up-regulation.
3 types of receptor proteins. Answer- G-protein-linked (on and off switch, GDP and
GTP), ion channel linked (neurotransmitters) and enzyme linked (growth factors)
Explain diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport Answer- Diffusion -
process by which electrolytes move from an area of higher concentration on one side
of the membrane to an area of lower conc.
Facilitated diffusion - uses a transport protein to help lipid insoluble or large
molecules pass through the membrane, that otherwise would not be able to get
through.
Active transport - used when cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or
chemical gradient.
What is the most important active transport system and why is it important? Answer-
sodium potassium pump. moves sodium out and potassium in.
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Exam 1 Questions and Answers _ Comprehensive Study
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Guide.pdfhttps://www.stuvia.com/user/erictu
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Portage Pathophysiology Exam
1 Questions and Answers |
Comprehensive Study Guide
https://www.stuvia.com/user/erictutor https://www.stuvia.com/user/erictutor https://www.stuvia.com/user/erictutor
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Portage Pathophysiology Exam 1
Questions And Answers 100% Correct.
Definition of Pathophysiology Answer- defined as not only the cellular and organ
changes that occur with disease, but also the effects that these changes have on
total body function.
5 etiologic factors and an example of each Answer- Biological: bacteria and viruses
Physical: trauma, burns, and radiation
Chemical: poisons, drugs
One's genetic inheritance
Nutritional excesses or deficiencies
2 types of risk factors Answer- congenital factors (present at birth) or acquired
(occurring after birth)
Difference between morphology and histology Answer- Morphology - fundamental
structure or form of cells or tissues (includes the gross and microscopic changes)
Histology - study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues (at the tissue
level)
Signs and symptoms Answer- Signs - objective and can be seen or measured.
Elevated temp, leg edema, and changes in pupil size.
symptoms - subjective. pain, trouble breathing, dizziness.
3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis? Answer- Patient history,
physical examination, and diagnostic tests.
Validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity definitions. Answer- Validity - how a tool
measure what it is intended to measure.
Reliability - likelihood the same result occurring with multiple testing.
Sensitivity - the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease.
Specificity - are people without the disease who are negative on a given test.
Define epidemiology and name some thing that it tracks. Answer- Epidemiology is
the study of disease occurrence in human populations. It tracks, age, race, dietary
habits, lifestyle, or geographic location.
Difference between incidence and prevalence Answer- Incidence - the number of
new cases in a population
Prevalence - the number of people with the disease in a population in a given time
This study source was downloaded by 100000898058200 from nursinghero.com on 08-06-2025 20:46:46 GMT -05:00
https://www.nursinghero.com//study-files/513056
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Define Mortality and Morbidity Answer- Mortality - the statistics that deal with cause
of death in a population
Morbidity is the effect of illness on one's life.
Define Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give an example of each.
Answer- Primary: remove risk factors to prevent disease from occurring. Examples -
yearly check up, daily vitamin, vaccination, wearing seatbelts or helmets.
Secondary: detect and treat disease early, usually while the disease is asymptomatic
and curable. Example - pap smears, checking bp and cholesterol and colonoscopy
screening. Usually all done by setting of a physician.
Tertiary: occurs after a diagnosis has been made and clinical interventions are
needed to reduce complications.
Why is evidence based practice important? Answer- Evidence-based practice is the
conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making
decisions about the care of individual patients. This is to counteract "the way things
have always been done," and to practice based on clinical research.
what are the 3 primary structures of the cell? Answer- Nucleus, cytoplasm, and
plasma membrane
What is the function of the nucleus? Answer- control center of the cell and contains
DNA and RNA
Name 3 structures within the nucleus Answer- chromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear
envelope
what organelles are located in the cytoplasm? Answer- Ribosomes, golgi apparatus,
Endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lysosomes.
Roles of ribosomes, rough ER and smooth ER Answer- Ribosomes - synthesize
proteins
Rough ER - contain ribosomes and functions to synthesize lysosomal enzymes. The
smooth ER does not have ribosomes and is the site for lipid, lipoprotein, and steroid
hormones synthesis.
What is the function of the lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria? Answer-
Lysosomes (acid hydrolases) - digestive system of the cell. Break down cell excess,
worn cellular substance and foreign substances.
Peroxisomes - smaller than lysosomes and function in the control of free radicals.
mitochondria - power plant. produce
ATP.
This study source was downloaded by 100000898058200 from nursinghero.com on 08-06-2025 20:46:46 GMT -05:00
https://www.nursinghero.com//study-files/513056
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What is contained in the cytoskeleton and what is its function? Answer- contains a
network of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and thick filaments.
They control cell shape and movement.
Examples of cilia and flagella found in the human body. Answer- Cilia can be found
on many epithelial linings, including the nasal sinuses and bronchi in the upper
respiratory system,
In the human body, only spermatozoa contain flagella.
What are the 4 functions of the cell membrane? Answer- - transport of material from
the outside to within.
- binds hormone receptors
- helps with conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells
- aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation.
Why do cells need to communicate with one another? Answer- cells must have the
ability to communicate with one another, transport substances in and out, and
respond to these changes.
4 types of cell signaling. Answer- Endocrine - hormones in the blood stream
paracrine - act on neighboring cells
autocrine - acts on itself
synaptic - occurs in nervous system as neurotransmitter
Process of up and down regulation Answer- Every cell has a distinct set of surface
receptors that allow it to respond to signaling molecules in a specific way. These
proteins can increase or decrease in number according to the needs of the cell.
When there are too many chemical messengers present, the number of active
receptors decreases in a process called down-regulation. When the messengers are
lacking, the number of receptors increases through up-regulation.
3 types of receptor proteins. Answer- G-protein-linked (on and off switch, GDP and
GTP), ion channel linked (neurotransmitters) and enzyme linked (growth factors)
Explain diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport Answer- Diffusion -
process by which electrolytes move from an area of higher concentration on one side
of the membrane to an area of lower conc.
Facilitated diffusion - uses a transport protein to help lipid insoluble or large
molecules pass through the membrane, that otherwise would not be able to get
through.
Active transport - used when cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or
chemical gradient.
What is the most important active transport system and why is it important? Answer-
sodium potassium pump. moves sodium out and potassium in.
This study source was downloaded by 100000898058200 from nursinghero.com on 08-06-2025 20:46:46 GMT -05:00
https://www.nursinghero.com//study-files/513056
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