EXAM 2 CHAMBERLAIN: BIOS 256
CHAMBERLAIN, 2025/2026 WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
What is metabolism?
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body
Figure 23.8 Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron
IMAGE: Figure 23.8Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron:
(a) Location of the nephrons in one wedge-shaped lobe of the
kidney
(b) Structure of a nephron.
(c) The true proportions of the nephron loops relative to the
convoluted tubules. Three nephrons are shown. Their proximal
and distal convoluted tubules are commingled in a single tangled
mass in each nephron.
,What are the different parts of the nephron? (STUDY HARD per
prof!)
Renal Corpuscle:
-Glomerulus
-Glomerular (Bowman's) Capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT):
Loop of Henle:
Descending Limb
Ascending Limb
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
,Collecting Duct
Flow of fluid from the point where the glomerular filtrate is formed
to the point where urine leaves the body:
glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → nephron loop
→ distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct → papillary duct →
minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary
bladder → urethra.
What is the difference between the male and female urinary
systems?
Length of urethra!
Male urethra: 18 cm long.
, Female Urethra: 3 to 4 cm long, bound to anterior wall of vagina
Describe the flow of urine through the nephron.
Renal Corpuscle (Glomerulus + Bowman's Capsule): Blood
filtration starts, forming initial urine (filtrate).
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Filtrate undergoes
reabsorption of water, nutrients, and ions; toxins and waste are
secreted into it.
Loop of Henle (Descending and Ascending Limbs): Further
concentration of filtrate by reabsorbing water (descending) and
ions (ascending).'
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT): Selective reabsorption and
secretion of ions and water, regulated by hormones.
Collecting Duct: Final adjustments to urine concentration and
volume through water reabsorption; leads to the renal pelvis.
CHAMBERLAIN, 2025/2026 WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
What is metabolism?
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body
Figure 23.8 Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron
IMAGE: Figure 23.8Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron:
(a) Location of the nephrons in one wedge-shaped lobe of the
kidney
(b) Structure of a nephron.
(c) The true proportions of the nephron loops relative to the
convoluted tubules. Three nephrons are shown. Their proximal
and distal convoluted tubules are commingled in a single tangled
mass in each nephron.
,What are the different parts of the nephron? (STUDY HARD per
prof!)
Renal Corpuscle:
-Glomerulus
-Glomerular (Bowman's) Capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT):
Loop of Henle:
Descending Limb
Ascending Limb
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
,Collecting Duct
Flow of fluid from the point where the glomerular filtrate is formed
to the point where urine leaves the body:
glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → nephron loop
→ distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct → papillary duct →
minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary
bladder → urethra.
What is the difference between the male and female urinary
systems?
Length of urethra!
Male urethra: 18 cm long.
, Female Urethra: 3 to 4 cm long, bound to anterior wall of vagina
Describe the flow of urine through the nephron.
Renal Corpuscle (Glomerulus + Bowman's Capsule): Blood
filtration starts, forming initial urine (filtrate).
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Filtrate undergoes
reabsorption of water, nutrients, and ions; toxins and waste are
secreted into it.
Loop of Henle (Descending and Ascending Limbs): Further
concentration of filtrate by reabsorbing water (descending) and
ions (ascending).'
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT): Selective reabsorption and
secretion of ions and water, regulated by hormones.
Collecting Duct: Final adjustments to urine concentration and
volume through water reabsorption; leads to the renal pelvis.
