Summary of organic reactions for AS and A2 level

Functional group Reaction Condition

Alkanes Halogenoalkanes from free radical substitution UV light
Hydrogenation Ni catalys
Alkene + H2  alkane 150 degre
Alkenes Electrophilic addition Room tem
Alkene + HBr  bromo- alkane
Hydration 300 degre
Alkene + [O]  alcohol H3PO4
Nucleophilic substitutions: Aqueous
Reflux
Halogenoalkane + NaOH(aq)  alcohol + halide ion
Heated in
Halogenoalkane + ammonia  amine + halide ion
Halogenoalkanes Reflux
Halogenoalkane + KCN  nitrile + K-halide KCN or Na

Elimination Reflux
Halogenoalkane + NaOH(ethanol)  alkene + Concentr
Dehydration Concentr
Alcohol  alkene + water 170 degre
Oxidation
Acidified
Primary Alcohol  aldehyde  carboxylic acid Reflux (fo
aldehyde

Secondary alcohol  ketone Acidified
Reflux
Dichromate: orange  green
Manganate: purple  brown sludge
Esterification H2SO4
Alcohol + carboxylic acid  ester + water 150 deg C
Primary and
secondary Making halogenoalkanes
alcohols  CHLORINE Concentr
Alcohol + HCl chloro(alkane) + water

 BROMINE Concentr
In situ reaction: KBr + H2SO4  HBr + KHSO4 Reflux

HBr + alcohol  bromo(alkane) + water
Concentr
 IODINE Reflux
Alcohol + HI  iodo(alkane) + water

Reduction
Aldehydes  primary alcohols Sodium te
Ketones  secondary alcohols
Nucleophilic addition
H2SO4 cat
Aldehyde/ketone + KCN  hydroxy nitrile

Aldehydes and Tests