1
GENERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY IN NURSING QUESTIONS
AND DETAILED ANSWERS INCLUDING CASE STUDIES
NEWEST VERSION 2025 GUARANTEED PASS A +
What are important aspects to understand with regard to a fever?s
A fever is a body temperature that is higher than normal. A normal temperature can vary from
person to person, but it is usually around 98.6 °F (37 °C). A fever is not a disease. It is usually a
sign that your body is trying to fight an illness or infection.
Infections cause most fevers. You get a fever because your body is trying to kill the virus or
bacteria that caused the infection. Most of those bacteria and viruses do well when your body is
at your normal temperature. But if you have a fever, it is harder for them to survive. Fever also
activates your body's immune system.
Other causes of fevers include:
Medicines, including some antibiotics, blood pressure medicines, and anti-seizure medicines.
Heat illness
Cancers
Autoimmune diseases
Some childhood vaccines
What are important aspects to understand with regard to a Hyperthermia?
Hyperthermia; can cause
*Heat cramps
*Heat exhaustion
*Heatstroke
Be caused by
*Drug fever
*Malignant Hyperthermia (a severe reaction to certain drugs used for anesthesia.)
*Neuroletpic Malignant syndrome (a life-threatening idiosyncratic reaction to antipsychotic
drugs characterized by fever, altered mental status, muscle rigidity, and autonomic dysfunction)
What are important aspects to understand with regard to hypothermia?
Low Body Temp;
*Accidental Hypothermia (unintentional fall in core body temperature to less than 35° C.)
, 2
*Systemic Hypothermia (may be primary, from exposure to prolonged ambient, extremely low
temperature, or secondary, due to thermoregulatory dysfunction. Both may be present at the same
time.)
*Neonatal Hypothermia (abnormal thermal state in which the newborn's body temperature
drops below 36.5 °C (97.7 °F).)
*Perioperative Hypothermia (a common consequence of anaesthesia, which increases morbidity
and potentially increases mortality)
*diagnosed by taking temperature and checking symptoms. Based on your symptoms and
how low your body temperature is below 95° F, you will be diagnosed with mild, moderate or
severe hypothermia.
*Treatment: GENTLY Remove wet clothing, wrap the body in blankets, drinking warm
beverages, and taking a warm bath may help raise body temperature.
*Therapeutic Hypothermia (a type of treatment, sometimes used for people who have a cardiac
arrest. Cardiac arrest happens when the heart suddenly stops beating. Once the heart starts
beating again, healthcare providers use cooling devices to lower your body temperature for a
short time. Counteracts neuroexcitation in brain cells by stabilizing calcium and glutamate
release, reducing the degree of cell death. It also stabilizes the blood-brain barrier and suppresses
the inflammatory process, reducing cerebral edema.)
Which pathway is used for perception, arousal, and motor control?
The discriminative pathways Rationale: The discriminative pathways relay information to the
brain for perception, arousal, and motor control.
Which type of pain is perceived as sharp and intense?
Cutaneous pain
sharp, defined pain that originates in the skin or subcutaneous tissue.
Which of the following is associated with grinding of teeth?
Temporomandibular joint syndrome:
TMJ is brought about by clenching and grinding of the teeth, usually while sleeping. Stress can
worsen the condition.
Which of the following molecules will induce endothelial cell retraction?
Histamine
Histamine is the primary activator of endothelial retraction and increased permeability of the
vessels.
, 3
(The results suggest that the endothelial cells respond to histamine through the histamine H1
receptor. This may explain one of the mechanisms of histamine-induced vascular response
including vascular permeability increase.)
Could cells, once permanently damaged, be easily regenerated and their functions
recovered?
False
Many cells in the body cannot be replaced once they die. Neurons and cardiac cells are such
examples.
Which of the following will promote wound healing?
Increased blood flow and oxygen delivery
Increasing blood flow and oxygen delivery is one of the main objectives of the inflammatory
response. This will allow for greater energy production and faster removal of dead material.
This is one reason why hyperbaric chambers are promoted for wound healing.
Which of the following pathogens does not fit the typical description of an organism?
Viruses
Viruses have no organized cellular structure.
Viruses are small obligate intracellular parasites
Are the symptoms of an infection always obvious and apparent?
False
Symptoms may be covert or nonspecific in presentation.
Is surgical therapy used in tandem with antibiotic treatment in some cases of severe
infection?
True
Physically removing bacteria can help with infection.
Ex. Infected abscess drainage at a dermatologist.
Is the cell membrane made up only of lipids and cholesterol molecules.
False
The membrane is made up of lipids and cholesterol, but it is also composed of proteins.
Which is the best description of the membrane potential?
Electrical potentials existing across the membranes as a result of ion distribution.
GENERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY IN NURSING QUESTIONS
AND DETAILED ANSWERS INCLUDING CASE STUDIES
NEWEST VERSION 2025 GUARANTEED PASS A +
What are important aspects to understand with regard to a fever?s
A fever is a body temperature that is higher than normal. A normal temperature can vary from
person to person, but it is usually around 98.6 °F (37 °C). A fever is not a disease. It is usually a
sign that your body is trying to fight an illness or infection.
Infections cause most fevers. You get a fever because your body is trying to kill the virus or
bacteria that caused the infection. Most of those bacteria and viruses do well when your body is
at your normal temperature. But if you have a fever, it is harder for them to survive. Fever also
activates your body's immune system.
Other causes of fevers include:
Medicines, including some antibiotics, blood pressure medicines, and anti-seizure medicines.
Heat illness
Cancers
Autoimmune diseases
Some childhood vaccines
What are important aspects to understand with regard to a Hyperthermia?
Hyperthermia; can cause
*Heat cramps
*Heat exhaustion
*Heatstroke
Be caused by
*Drug fever
*Malignant Hyperthermia (a severe reaction to certain drugs used for anesthesia.)
*Neuroletpic Malignant syndrome (a life-threatening idiosyncratic reaction to antipsychotic
drugs characterized by fever, altered mental status, muscle rigidity, and autonomic dysfunction)
What are important aspects to understand with regard to hypothermia?
Low Body Temp;
*Accidental Hypothermia (unintentional fall in core body temperature to less than 35° C.)
, 2
*Systemic Hypothermia (may be primary, from exposure to prolonged ambient, extremely low
temperature, or secondary, due to thermoregulatory dysfunction. Both may be present at the same
time.)
*Neonatal Hypothermia (abnormal thermal state in which the newborn's body temperature
drops below 36.5 °C (97.7 °F).)
*Perioperative Hypothermia (a common consequence of anaesthesia, which increases morbidity
and potentially increases mortality)
*diagnosed by taking temperature and checking symptoms. Based on your symptoms and
how low your body temperature is below 95° F, you will be diagnosed with mild, moderate or
severe hypothermia.
*Treatment: GENTLY Remove wet clothing, wrap the body in blankets, drinking warm
beverages, and taking a warm bath may help raise body temperature.
*Therapeutic Hypothermia (a type of treatment, sometimes used for people who have a cardiac
arrest. Cardiac arrest happens when the heart suddenly stops beating. Once the heart starts
beating again, healthcare providers use cooling devices to lower your body temperature for a
short time. Counteracts neuroexcitation in brain cells by stabilizing calcium and glutamate
release, reducing the degree of cell death. It also stabilizes the blood-brain barrier and suppresses
the inflammatory process, reducing cerebral edema.)
Which pathway is used for perception, arousal, and motor control?
The discriminative pathways Rationale: The discriminative pathways relay information to the
brain for perception, arousal, and motor control.
Which type of pain is perceived as sharp and intense?
Cutaneous pain
sharp, defined pain that originates in the skin or subcutaneous tissue.
Which of the following is associated with grinding of teeth?
Temporomandibular joint syndrome:
TMJ is brought about by clenching and grinding of the teeth, usually while sleeping. Stress can
worsen the condition.
Which of the following molecules will induce endothelial cell retraction?
Histamine
Histamine is the primary activator of endothelial retraction and increased permeability of the
vessels.
, 3
(The results suggest that the endothelial cells respond to histamine through the histamine H1
receptor. This may explain one of the mechanisms of histamine-induced vascular response
including vascular permeability increase.)
Could cells, once permanently damaged, be easily regenerated and their functions
recovered?
False
Many cells in the body cannot be replaced once they die. Neurons and cardiac cells are such
examples.
Which of the following will promote wound healing?
Increased blood flow and oxygen delivery
Increasing blood flow and oxygen delivery is one of the main objectives of the inflammatory
response. This will allow for greater energy production and faster removal of dead material.
This is one reason why hyperbaric chambers are promoted for wound healing.
Which of the following pathogens does not fit the typical description of an organism?
Viruses
Viruses have no organized cellular structure.
Viruses are small obligate intracellular parasites
Are the symptoms of an infection always obvious and apparent?
False
Symptoms may be covert or nonspecific in presentation.
Is surgical therapy used in tandem with antibiotic treatment in some cases of severe
infection?
True
Physically removing bacteria can help with infection.
Ex. Infected abscess drainage at a dermatologist.
Is the cell membrane made up only of lipids and cholesterol molecules.
False
The membrane is made up of lipids and cholesterol, but it is also composed of proteins.
Which is the best description of the membrane potential?
Electrical potentials existing across the membranes as a result of ion distribution.
