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Samenvatting Basisbegrippen taalkunde: semantiek en pragmatiek

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Dit is een samenvatting van basisbegrippen taalkunde: semantiek en pragmatiek. Dit boek is geschreven door Hans Smessaert en wordt gebruikt bij de opleiding 'logopedische en audiologische wetenschappen'

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Semantiek
Inhoudsopgave
1. Inleiding: soorten betekenis ............................................................................................... 5
1.1. Conceptuele en referentiële betekenis ....................................................................... 5
1.2. Uitingsbetekenis en communicatieve betekenis......................................................... 6
1.3. Expressieve en sociale betekenis ................................................................................ 7
1.4. Lexicale en grammaticale betekenis ........................................................................... 8
2. De relatie vorm – betekenis ............................................................................................. 10
2.1. Overzicht .................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.1. Verschillende vormen met één betekenis ............................................................. 10
2.1.2. Eén vorm met verschillende betekenissen ............................................................ 10
2.1.3. Verschillende vormen met verschillende betekenissen ........................................ 12
2.2. Semasiologie en onomasiologie ................................................................................ 12
3. Categorisatie en prototypiciteit ....................................................................................... 13
3.1. De logische benadering van categorieën .................................................................. 13
3.2. Uitgangspunten van de Cognitieve Semantiek ......................................................... 13
3.3. De psychologische benadering van categorieën ....................................................... 14
3.3.1. Grenzen en definities ............................................................................................. 14
3.3.2. Interne structuur en saillantheid ........................................................................... 14
3.3.3. Lidmaatschap en familiegelijkenissen ................................................................... 15
3.3.4. Experimenteel- psycholinguïstische ondersteuning .............................................. 15
4. Metonymie ....................................................................................................................... 16
4.1. Bidirectionele metonymie ......................................................................................... 16
4.1.1. Plaats  wat zich op die plaats bevindt................................................................ 16
4.1.2. Tijdstip  wat op dat tijdstip plaatsvindt ............................................................. 16
4.1.3. Container  inhoud .............................................................................................. 16
4.1.4. Deel  geheel ....................................................................................................... 17
4.1.5. Materiaal  product ............................................................................................. 17
4.1.6. Oorzaak  gevolg, middel  doel ....................................................................... 17
4.1.7. Kenmerk → drager................................................................................................. 18




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, 4.2. Unidirectionele metonymie....................................................................................... 18
4.2.1. Herkomst → product ............................................................................................. 18
4.2.2. Handeling → handelende persoon ........................................................................ 19
4.2.3. Symptoom → diagnose.......................................................................................... 19
4.3. Opmerkingen ............................................................................................................. 19
5. Metaforie.......................................................................................................................... 20
5.1. Metaforie: gelijkenis en figuurlijkheid ....................................................................... 20
5.2. Typologie o.b.v. gelijkenisrelatie ............................................................................... 21
5.2.1. Materiële metaforen.............................................................................................. 21
5.2.2. Functionele metaforen .......................................................................................... 21
5.2.3. Experiëntiële metaforen ........................................................................................ 21
5.2.4. Bemerkingen .......................................................................................................... 22
5.3. Speciale types ............................................................................................................ 22
5.3.1. Verbleekte metaforen ............................................................................................ 22
5.3.2. Gegeneraliseerde metaforen (=conceptuele metafoor) ....................................... 23
10. Synonymie en antonymie .............................................................................................. 23
10.1. Synonymie .............................................................................................................. 23
10.1.1. Synonymie in strikte zin ..................................................................................... 23
10.1.2. Synonymie in ruime zin ...................................................................................... 24
10.2. Antonymie .............................................................................................................. 24
10.2.1. Niet –relationele antonymie .............................................................................. 24
10.2.2. Relationele antonymie (= perspectivische / converse antoniemen) ......... 25
10.2.3. Complementaire antonymie .............................................................................. 25
11. Hyponymie en meronymie ............................................................................................ 26
11.1. Hyponymie ............................................................................................................. 26
11.2. Meronymie ............................................................................................................. 27
11.3. Co-hyponymie en co-meronymie .......................................................................... 28
15. Situaties en participanten ............................................................................................. 28
15.1. Soorten situaties .................................................................................................... 28
15.2. Soorten participanten ............................................................................................ 29
15.2.1. Agentieve participanten ..................................................................................... 29
15.2.2. Datieve participanten ......................................................................................... 29



2

, 15.2.3. Locatieve participanten ...................................................................................... 30
15.2.4. Objectieve participanten .................................................................................... 30
15.2.5. Hiërarchie van activiteit ..................................................................................... 30
18. Tijd, aspect en modaliteit .............................................................................................. 31
18.1. Tijd .......................................................................................................................... 31
18.2. Aspect..................................................................................................................... 31
18.3. Modaliteit............................................................................................................... 32
21. Implicatie, entailment, presuppositie en implicatuur................................................... 33
21.1. Implicatie versus entailment.................................................................................. 33
21.2. Presuppositie ......................................................................................................... 34
21.3. Implicatuur ............................................................................................................. 35
Pragmatiek ....................................................................................................................... 35
8. Taalhandelingen, implicaturen en beleefdheid ................................................................... 35
8.1. Taalhandelingen ............................................................................................................ 35
8.1.1. Locutie, illocutie en perlocutie ................................................................................... 36
8.1.2. Geslaagdheidsvoorwaarden ....................................................................................... 36
8.1.3. Klassen van taalhandelingen ...................................................................................... 36
8.1.4. Indirecte taalhandelingen .......................................................................................... 36
8.1.5. Indicatoren van taalhandelingen ............................................................................... 36
8.2.1. Entailment versus implicatuur ................................................................................... 36
8.2.2. De conversationele maximes van Paul Grice ............................................................. 36
8.2.3. Gegeneraliseerde conversationele implicatuur ......................................................... 36
8.2.4. Particuliere conversationele implicatuur ................................................................... 36
8.3.1. Het beleefdheidsprincipe ........................................................................................... 36
8.3.2. De maximes van beleefdheid ..................................................................................... 36
8.3.3. Overzicht .................................................................................................................... 36
9. Deixis, cohesie, coherentie................................................................................................... 36
9.1. Deixis ............................................................................................................................. 36
9.1.1. Deiktisch versus niet-deiktisch gebruik ...................................................................... 36
9.1.2. Persoonsdeixis ............................................................................................................ 37
9.1.3. Plaatsdeixis ................................................................................................................. 38
9.1.4. Tijdsdeixis ................................................................................................................... 38



3

, 9.1.5. Sociale deixis .............................................................................................................. 39
9.1.6. Tekstuele deixis .......................................................................................................... 39
10. Structuur van conversaties ................................................................................................. 39
10.1 Inleiding: conversatie als schaakspel of doorgaand verkeer ....................................... 40
10.2. Beurtwisselingen (‘turn taking’) .................................................................................. 40
10.2.1. Expliciete en impliciete selectie van de volgende spreker ...................................... 40
10.2.2. Regels voor beurtwisseling ...................................................................................... 41
10.2.3. Soorten overlapping en soorten stilte ..................................................................... 42
10.3. Adjacency pairs............................................................................................................ 42
10.3.1. Het basispatroon ...................................................................................................... 42
10.3.2. Insertiesequenties .................................................................................................... 42
10.3.3. Conditionele relevantie ............................................................................................ 42
10.4. Preferentieorganisatie ................................................................................................ 42
10.5. Repair .......................................................................................................................... 42
10.5.1. Soorten van repair .................................................................................................... 42
10.5.2. Preferentiehiërarchie voor repair ............................................................................ 43
10.6. Presequenties .............................................................................................................. 43
10.6.1. Het basispatroon ...................................................................................................... 43
10.6.2. Pre-invitations .......................................................................................................... 44
10.6.3. Pre-requests ............................................................................................................. 44
10.7. Globale organisatie ..................................................................................................... 45
10.7.1. Begin van de conversatie ......................................................................................... 45
10.7.2. Verloop van de conversatie...................................................................................... 45
10.7.3. Einde van de conversatie ......................................................................................... 45




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