Logical Fallacies [Test] Questions and
Answers 100% Pass
Appeal to probability - ✔✔assumes that because something could happen, it is
inevitable that it will happen.
"It doesn't matter if I get myself into debt. If I play the lottery enough, I will win the
jackpot, and then I can pay off all my debts."
Argument from fallacy - ✔✔assumes that if an argument for some conclusion is
fallacious, then the conclusion itself is false.
" Tom: OK — I'll prove I'm English — I speak English so that proves it.
Bill: But Americans and Canadians, among others, speak English too. You have
committed the package-deal fallacy, assuming that speaking English and being English
always go together. That means you are not English. "
Conjunction fallacy - ✔✔assumption that an outcome simultaneously satisfying
multiple conditions is more probable than an outcome satisfying a single one of them.
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,The probability of two events occurring together (in "conjunction") is always less than
or equal to the probability of either one occurring alone
Masked man fallacy (illicit substitution of identicals) - ✔✔the substitution of identical
designators in a true statement can lead to a false one.
"I know who my father is. I do not know who the thief is. Therefore, my father is not the
thief."
Affirming a disjunct - ✔✔concluded that one logical disjunction must be false because
the other disjunct is true; A or B; A; therefore not B.
" The car is red or the car is large.
The car is red.
Therefore, the car is not large."
Affirming the consequent - ✔✔the antecedent in an indicative conditional is claimed to
be true because the consequent is true; if A, then B; B, therefore A.
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, " If I have the flu, then I have a sore throat.
I have a sore throat.
Therefore, I have the flu. "
Denying the antecedent - ✔✔the consequent in an indicative conditional is claimed to
be false because the antecedent is false; if A, then B; not A, therefore not B.
If Queen Elizabeth is an American citizen, then she is a human being.
Queen Elizabeth is not an American citizen.
Therefore, Queen Elizabeth is not a human being.
Existential fallacy - ✔✔an argument has two universal premises and a particular
conclusion.
All unicorns are animals.
Therefore, some animals are unicorns.
Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise (illicit negative) - ✔✔when a
categorical syllogism has a positive conclusion, but at least one negative premise.
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Answers 100% Pass
Appeal to probability - ✔✔assumes that because something could happen, it is
inevitable that it will happen.
"It doesn't matter if I get myself into debt. If I play the lottery enough, I will win the
jackpot, and then I can pay off all my debts."
Argument from fallacy - ✔✔assumes that if an argument for some conclusion is
fallacious, then the conclusion itself is false.
" Tom: OK — I'll prove I'm English — I speak English so that proves it.
Bill: But Americans and Canadians, among others, speak English too. You have
committed the package-deal fallacy, assuming that speaking English and being English
always go together. That means you are not English. "
Conjunction fallacy - ✔✔assumption that an outcome simultaneously satisfying
multiple conditions is more probable than an outcome satisfying a single one of them.
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,The probability of two events occurring together (in "conjunction") is always less than
or equal to the probability of either one occurring alone
Masked man fallacy (illicit substitution of identicals) - ✔✔the substitution of identical
designators in a true statement can lead to a false one.
"I know who my father is. I do not know who the thief is. Therefore, my father is not the
thief."
Affirming a disjunct - ✔✔concluded that one logical disjunction must be false because
the other disjunct is true; A or B; A; therefore not B.
" The car is red or the car is large.
The car is red.
Therefore, the car is not large."
Affirming the consequent - ✔✔the antecedent in an indicative conditional is claimed to
be true because the consequent is true; if A, then B; B, therefore A.
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, " If I have the flu, then I have a sore throat.
I have a sore throat.
Therefore, I have the flu. "
Denying the antecedent - ✔✔the consequent in an indicative conditional is claimed to
be false because the antecedent is false; if A, then B; not A, therefore not B.
If Queen Elizabeth is an American citizen, then she is a human being.
Queen Elizabeth is not an American citizen.
Therefore, Queen Elizabeth is not a human being.
Existential fallacy - ✔✔an argument has two universal premises and a particular
conclusion.
All unicorns are animals.
Therefore, some animals are unicorns.
Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise (illicit negative) - ✔✔when a
categorical syllogism has a positive conclusion, but at least one negative premise.
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