IAL Psychology: paper 2
Psychology paper 2
Biological psychology and learning theories and development
1. Biological psychology.................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Structure and function of brain regions focussing on aggression.......................................................... 3
The central nervous system (CNS)................................................................................................................. 3
Structure and role of the neuron................................................................................................................3
Function of neurotransmitters....................................................................................................................3
Synaptic transmission................................................................................................................................4
Structure of the brain.......................................................................................................................................4
Explanations of aggression as human behaviour......................................................................................4
Limbic system......................................................................................................................................4
⇒ Amygdala........................................................................................................................................ 5
Pre-frontal cortex................................................................................................................................. 5
Hormones............................................................................................................................................ 5
Genes.................................................................................................................................................. 6
1.2 Body rhythms................................................................................................................................................ 6
Circadian rhythms........................................................................................................................................... 6
Research................................................................................................................................................... 6
Infradian rhythms.............................................................................................................................................7
Research................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.3 Methods..........................................................................................................................................................8
Correlation research........................................................................................................................................8
List B with focus on Spearman rank test......................................................................................................... 8
Scanning techniques....................................................................................................................................... 8
Use of brain scanning techniques to investigate human behaviour (including aggression)...................... 8
Twin studies.....................................................................................................................................................8
List A............................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.4 Studies........................................................................................................................................................... 8
Classic study................................................................................................................................................... 8
Raine et al. (1997)..................................................................................................................................... 8
Contemporary studies................................................................................................................................... 10
Brendgen et al. (2005).............................................................................................................................10
Hoefelmann et al. (2006)......................................................................................................................... 11
2. Learning theories and development............................................................................................................13
2.1 Classical conditioning................................................................................................................................ 13
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov....................................................................................................................................13
Evaluation................................................................................................................................................13
2.2 Operant conditioning.................................................................................................................................. 13
Schedules of reinforcements.........................................................................................................................14
Partial...................................................................................................................................................... 14
, IAL Psychology: paper 2
Continuous.............................................................................................................................................. 14
Evaluation................................................................................................................................................14
Superstition in the pigeon (Skinner 1948)..................................................................................................... 15
Evaluation................................................................................................................................................15
2.3 Social learning theory.................................................................................................................................15
Evaluation................................................................................................................................................15
2.4 Freud: Psychosexual stages of development.......................................................................................... 15
Freudian vocabulary......................................................................................................................................16
Theory........................................................................................................................................................... 16
Evaluation................................................................................................................................................17
The role of the unconscious in the development of personalities..................................................................17
2.5 Therapies/ treatments................................................................................................................................. 17
Systematic desensitization............................................................................................................................ 17
Evaluation................................................................................................................................................18
Psychoanalysis..............................................................................................................................................18
Evaluation................................................................................................................................................19
2.6 Methods........................................................................................................................................................19
Observations................................................................................................................................................. 19
Content Analysis........................................................................................................................................... 19
Case Studies................................................................................................................................................. 19
Freud's use of the case study as a research method..............................................................................19
Quantitative and qualitative data................................................................................................................... 19
Animal research and ethics........................................................................................................................... 19
2.7 Studies......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Classic study................................................................................................................................................. 20
Watson & Rayner (1920)......................................................................................................................... 20
Contemporary studies................................................................................................................................... 22
Capafons et al. (1998)............................................................................................................................. 22
Bastian et al. (2011).................................................................................................................................23
Psychology paper 2
Biological psychology and learning theories and development
1. Biological psychology.................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Structure and function of brain regions focussing on aggression.......................................................... 3
The central nervous system (CNS)................................................................................................................. 3
Structure and role of the neuron................................................................................................................3
Function of neurotransmitters....................................................................................................................3
Synaptic transmission................................................................................................................................4
Structure of the brain.......................................................................................................................................4
Explanations of aggression as human behaviour......................................................................................4
Limbic system......................................................................................................................................4
⇒ Amygdala........................................................................................................................................ 5
Pre-frontal cortex................................................................................................................................. 5
Hormones............................................................................................................................................ 5
Genes.................................................................................................................................................. 6
1.2 Body rhythms................................................................................................................................................ 6
Circadian rhythms........................................................................................................................................... 6
Research................................................................................................................................................... 6
Infradian rhythms.............................................................................................................................................7
Research................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.3 Methods..........................................................................................................................................................8
Correlation research........................................................................................................................................8
List B with focus on Spearman rank test......................................................................................................... 8
Scanning techniques....................................................................................................................................... 8
Use of brain scanning techniques to investigate human behaviour (including aggression)...................... 8
Twin studies.....................................................................................................................................................8
List A............................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.4 Studies........................................................................................................................................................... 8
Classic study................................................................................................................................................... 8
Raine et al. (1997)..................................................................................................................................... 8
Contemporary studies................................................................................................................................... 10
Brendgen et al. (2005).............................................................................................................................10
Hoefelmann et al. (2006)......................................................................................................................... 11
2. Learning theories and development............................................................................................................13
2.1 Classical conditioning................................................................................................................................ 13
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov....................................................................................................................................13
Evaluation................................................................................................................................................13
2.2 Operant conditioning.................................................................................................................................. 13
Schedules of reinforcements.........................................................................................................................14
Partial...................................................................................................................................................... 14
, IAL Psychology: paper 2
Continuous.............................................................................................................................................. 14
Evaluation................................................................................................................................................14
Superstition in the pigeon (Skinner 1948)..................................................................................................... 15
Evaluation................................................................................................................................................15
2.3 Social learning theory.................................................................................................................................15
Evaluation................................................................................................................................................15
2.4 Freud: Psychosexual stages of development.......................................................................................... 15
Freudian vocabulary......................................................................................................................................16
Theory........................................................................................................................................................... 16
Evaluation................................................................................................................................................17
The role of the unconscious in the development of personalities..................................................................17
2.5 Therapies/ treatments................................................................................................................................. 17
Systematic desensitization............................................................................................................................ 17
Evaluation................................................................................................................................................18
Psychoanalysis..............................................................................................................................................18
Evaluation................................................................................................................................................19
2.6 Methods........................................................................................................................................................19
Observations................................................................................................................................................. 19
Content Analysis........................................................................................................................................... 19
Case Studies................................................................................................................................................. 19
Freud's use of the case study as a research method..............................................................................19
Quantitative and qualitative data................................................................................................................... 19
Animal research and ethics........................................................................................................................... 19
2.7 Studies......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Classic study................................................................................................................................................. 20
Watson & Rayner (1920)......................................................................................................................... 20
Contemporary studies................................................................................................................................... 22
Capafons et al. (1998)............................................................................................................................. 22
Bastian et al. (2011).................................................................................................................................23
