NURS 611 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2024-2025
COMPLETE QUESTIONS & CORRECT
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES. GRADED
A+
____________________________________
What functions do lysosomal components integrate (3) and what do they do with this
information?
✓ -Nutrient abundance, energy levels and cell stressors
-They translate the info into instructions that regulate cellular metabolism toward
either proliferation or inactivity
What are the mitochondria responsible for?
✓ Cellular respiration and energy production
What does the inner membrane of the mitochondria contain?
✓ Enzymes of the electron transport chain that are essential for oxidative
phosphorylation to produce most of the cell's ATP
What is the mitochondria matrix pathways, what do they involve and what 3 things do
they metabolize?
✓ -Metabolic pathways that involves urea and heme synthesis to metabolize carbs,
proteins and amino acids
What can accumulate intracellularly from stresses and metabolic derangements? (3)
✓ -Carbs, proteins and lipids
What are the two types of cell death?
✓ Apoptosis and necrosis
What is apoptosis?
, ✓ Programmed cell death that is regulated/programmed
-Cellular self-destruction for elimination of unwanted cell populations
What are the three characteristics of necrosis?
✓ -Rapid loss of cell membrane structure
-Organelle swelling
-Mitochondria dysfunction
What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis? Especially in what two organs?
✓ -Hypoxia
-Heart and kidney
What is cellular atrophy? Name a physiologic and pathologic example?
✓ Decreased cell size.
-physiologic: decreased size of the thymus gland in childhood
-Patho: decreased muscle size due to inactivity/bed rest.
What is pathologic atrophy caused by (6)?
✓ -Decreased: workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition and hormonal
stimulation
What is hypertrophy?
✓ Increased size of cells
Beneficial physiologic hypertrophy?
✓ Increase in cardiac cell size during endurance training
Pathologic hypertrophy?
✓ Cardiomegaly due to HTN
What is hyperplasia?
✓ Increase in the # of cells
Compensatory hyperplasia?
, ✓ When 1/3 of the liver is removed , it will regenerate within 2 weeks
Pathologic hyperplasia?
✓ Endometrial hyperplasia
What is metaplasia and what is an example of it?
✓ -The replacement of cells
-In smokers, normal columnar epithelial cells in the bronchial lining have been
replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be reversed if the irritant is
stopped
What is the energy transferring molecule?
✓ ATP- needs O2
What affect does the loss of ATP have on cells during ischemia?
✓ Low ATP causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium pump and sodium-
calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and
calcium and diffusion of K+ out of the cell
What happens to the cell during ischemia?
✓ Sodium and water can enter freely causing cellular swelling
What are free radicals and what do they have a major role in?
✓ An electrically uncharged atom/group of atoms having an unpaired electron.
-they play a major role in the initiation and progression of diseases
What is wrong with the unpaired electron in free radicals?
✓ They make the molecule unstable to cause a chemical imbalance of the cell
membrane.
How are the free radicals stabalized and why is this bad?
✓ They give up an electron to another molecule or steal one.
-Injurious chemical bonds can form with proteins, lipids, and carbs when they
destroy the chemical membrane
COMPLETE QUESTIONS & CORRECT
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES. GRADED
A+
____________________________________
What functions do lysosomal components integrate (3) and what do they do with this
information?
✓ -Nutrient abundance, energy levels and cell stressors
-They translate the info into instructions that regulate cellular metabolism toward
either proliferation or inactivity
What are the mitochondria responsible for?
✓ Cellular respiration and energy production
What does the inner membrane of the mitochondria contain?
✓ Enzymes of the electron transport chain that are essential for oxidative
phosphorylation to produce most of the cell's ATP
What is the mitochondria matrix pathways, what do they involve and what 3 things do
they metabolize?
✓ -Metabolic pathways that involves urea and heme synthesis to metabolize carbs,
proteins and amino acids
What can accumulate intracellularly from stresses and metabolic derangements? (3)
✓ -Carbs, proteins and lipids
What are the two types of cell death?
✓ Apoptosis and necrosis
What is apoptosis?
, ✓ Programmed cell death that is regulated/programmed
-Cellular self-destruction for elimination of unwanted cell populations
What are the three characteristics of necrosis?
✓ -Rapid loss of cell membrane structure
-Organelle swelling
-Mitochondria dysfunction
What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis? Especially in what two organs?
✓ -Hypoxia
-Heart and kidney
What is cellular atrophy? Name a physiologic and pathologic example?
✓ Decreased cell size.
-physiologic: decreased size of the thymus gland in childhood
-Patho: decreased muscle size due to inactivity/bed rest.
What is pathologic atrophy caused by (6)?
✓ -Decreased: workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition and hormonal
stimulation
What is hypertrophy?
✓ Increased size of cells
Beneficial physiologic hypertrophy?
✓ Increase in cardiac cell size during endurance training
Pathologic hypertrophy?
✓ Cardiomegaly due to HTN
What is hyperplasia?
✓ Increase in the # of cells
Compensatory hyperplasia?
, ✓ When 1/3 of the liver is removed , it will regenerate within 2 weeks
Pathologic hyperplasia?
✓ Endometrial hyperplasia
What is metaplasia and what is an example of it?
✓ -The replacement of cells
-In smokers, normal columnar epithelial cells in the bronchial lining have been
replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be reversed if the irritant is
stopped
What is the energy transferring molecule?
✓ ATP- needs O2
What affect does the loss of ATP have on cells during ischemia?
✓ Low ATP causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium pump and sodium-
calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and
calcium and diffusion of K+ out of the cell
What happens to the cell during ischemia?
✓ Sodium and water can enter freely causing cellular swelling
What are free radicals and what do they have a major role in?
✓ An electrically uncharged atom/group of atoms having an unpaired electron.
-they play a major role in the initiation and progression of diseases
What is wrong with the unpaired electron in free radicals?
✓ They make the molecule unstable to cause a chemical imbalance of the cell
membrane.
How are the free radicals stabalized and why is this bad?
✓ They give up an electron to another molecule or steal one.
-Injurious chemical bonds can form with proteins, lipids, and carbs when they
destroy the chemical membrane
