HRS 2530 Study Guide Questions And Answers 2025
Graded A+
Ignaz Semmelweis - -Obstetrician
-2 jobs: autopsy dead women within a few days of giving birth and help deliver babies
-Realized that those who were performing autopsies carried the infectious organisms to
the mother in labor and served as the cause of perpetual/childbirth fever that killed
many women
-Introduced antiseptic technique of washing hands prior to delivering child and maternal
death rates decreased greatly
-No one believed his antiseptic techniques because Pasteur's Germ Theory had not yet
been explained
Dr. John Snow - -Keen and careful observer
-Studied cholera and found it's source was ingested water that had been contaminated
with fecal matter
-"Father of modern epidemiology"
-Anesthetist, built an air pump to resuscitate infants, an air pump for ether use, and
administered anesthesia to Queen Victoria during labor
-Koch discovered the cholera microbe
Louis Pasteur - -Introduced the Germ Theory of Disease
-Studied crystals in the fermentation of wine and sugars
-Determined microorganisms are the source of dz
-Invented pasteurization to save wine and other products
-Studied anthrax, rabies, and chicken dz
-Invented immunization for all, including typhoid
-"In the field of observation, chance favors only the prepared mind"
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen - -Discovered X-rays by accident when experimenting with
the Crookes Tube
-Created "shadow pictures" of wife's hand
-Radiation sickness --> first experienced by Clarence Dally
-"Every genuine scientist follows purely ideal goals and is an idealist in the best sense
of the world"
Sigmund Freud - -Recognized the unconscious mind
-Mental illness was viewed as being possessed and in need of religion
-Went to Vienna to study hysteria and neurological symptoms
-Techniques used: hypnosis, free association, catharsis (reviewing and re-experiencing)
-Labeled 3 parts of the mind: id, conscious ego, unconscious superego
KEY IDEAS
•we are motivated by powerful unconscious sexual and aggressive drives
•shaped by our early experiences
•often torn by inner conflicts
, •defend our egos from unpalatable truths
•can sometimes be helped by psychotherapy
Dmitri Ivanovsky - -Analyzed disease of tobacco plants: tobacco mosaic disease
-Used a Chamberland candle to filter the infectious fluid to find that it couldn't be
bacterial
-Believed that it contained toxins or bacterial spores --> WRONG
Martinus Bejerinick - -Disproved Ivanovsky's beliefs that the filtered fluid from tobacco
plants contained toxins or bacterial spores
-Found the agent to be a self-supporting molecule d/t its DNA/RNA properties -->
VIRUS
Alexander Fleming - -Discovered the antibiotic Penicillin
-Treated WWI wounds by removing dead tissue and flushing with sterile saline to
decrease infections
-Discovered lysozymes
-"mold juice" was not recognized by peers
-Worked with others during WWII to mass produce penicillin
Abraham Flexner - -Philosopher and member of the Hopkins Circle (1900s)
-Goal: improve medical education to impact the health of the population
-Recruited to survey all medical schools
1. Extent to which the school had rights or just courtesies in hospitals
2. Admission standards of medical students
3. Physical facilities-especially well-equipped labs
4. Instruction by physician scientists - Flexner's Grading Criteria for Med Schools (4)
1. Med Schools needed to be well-equipped to teach
(have access to facilities, labs, rooms, & patients)
2. Med students needed to be of highest caliber
(smartest in sciences)
3. Med schools needed to do research to solve diseases
(must be staffed by the physician-scientists)
4. The MD should help society and prevent disease, not just cure it - Flexner's
Expectations for the best Med Schools (4)
Margaret Sanger - -Mother of the birth control pill
-Opened the first birth control clinic in the US in 1916
-1st president of Planned Parenthood
-Funded by Katherine McCormick and worked with Gregory Pincus to develop the first
oral contraceptive pill --> formally approved on May 11, 1960
Graded A+
Ignaz Semmelweis - -Obstetrician
-2 jobs: autopsy dead women within a few days of giving birth and help deliver babies
-Realized that those who were performing autopsies carried the infectious organisms to
the mother in labor and served as the cause of perpetual/childbirth fever that killed
many women
-Introduced antiseptic technique of washing hands prior to delivering child and maternal
death rates decreased greatly
-No one believed his antiseptic techniques because Pasteur's Germ Theory had not yet
been explained
Dr. John Snow - -Keen and careful observer
-Studied cholera and found it's source was ingested water that had been contaminated
with fecal matter
-"Father of modern epidemiology"
-Anesthetist, built an air pump to resuscitate infants, an air pump for ether use, and
administered anesthesia to Queen Victoria during labor
-Koch discovered the cholera microbe
Louis Pasteur - -Introduced the Germ Theory of Disease
-Studied crystals in the fermentation of wine and sugars
-Determined microorganisms are the source of dz
-Invented pasteurization to save wine and other products
-Studied anthrax, rabies, and chicken dz
-Invented immunization for all, including typhoid
-"In the field of observation, chance favors only the prepared mind"
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen - -Discovered X-rays by accident when experimenting with
the Crookes Tube
-Created "shadow pictures" of wife's hand
-Radiation sickness --> first experienced by Clarence Dally
-"Every genuine scientist follows purely ideal goals and is an idealist in the best sense
of the world"
Sigmund Freud - -Recognized the unconscious mind
-Mental illness was viewed as being possessed and in need of religion
-Went to Vienna to study hysteria and neurological symptoms
-Techniques used: hypnosis, free association, catharsis (reviewing and re-experiencing)
-Labeled 3 parts of the mind: id, conscious ego, unconscious superego
KEY IDEAS
•we are motivated by powerful unconscious sexual and aggressive drives
•shaped by our early experiences
•often torn by inner conflicts
, •defend our egos from unpalatable truths
•can sometimes be helped by psychotherapy
Dmitri Ivanovsky - -Analyzed disease of tobacco plants: tobacco mosaic disease
-Used a Chamberland candle to filter the infectious fluid to find that it couldn't be
bacterial
-Believed that it contained toxins or bacterial spores --> WRONG
Martinus Bejerinick - -Disproved Ivanovsky's beliefs that the filtered fluid from tobacco
plants contained toxins or bacterial spores
-Found the agent to be a self-supporting molecule d/t its DNA/RNA properties -->
VIRUS
Alexander Fleming - -Discovered the antibiotic Penicillin
-Treated WWI wounds by removing dead tissue and flushing with sterile saline to
decrease infections
-Discovered lysozymes
-"mold juice" was not recognized by peers
-Worked with others during WWII to mass produce penicillin
Abraham Flexner - -Philosopher and member of the Hopkins Circle (1900s)
-Goal: improve medical education to impact the health of the population
-Recruited to survey all medical schools
1. Extent to which the school had rights or just courtesies in hospitals
2. Admission standards of medical students
3. Physical facilities-especially well-equipped labs
4. Instruction by physician scientists - Flexner's Grading Criteria for Med Schools (4)
1. Med Schools needed to be well-equipped to teach
(have access to facilities, labs, rooms, & patients)
2. Med students needed to be of highest caliber
(smartest in sciences)
3. Med schools needed to do research to solve diseases
(must be staffed by the physician-scientists)
4. The MD should help society and prevent disease, not just cure it - Flexner's
Expectations for the best Med Schools (4)
Margaret Sanger - -Mother of the birth control pill
-Opened the first birth control clinic in the US in 1916
-1st president of Planned Parenthood
-Funded by Katherine McCormick and worked with Gregory Pincus to develop the first
oral contraceptive pill --> formally approved on May 11, 1960
