NURS 611 PATHO ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 2024/2025
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS/ ALREADY
GRADED A++
Which statement best describes Raynaud disease?
a. Inflammatory disorder of small- and medium-size arteries in the feet and
sometimes in the hands
b. Neoplastic disorder of the lining of the arteries and veins of the upper
extremities
c. Vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers
and, less commonly, of the toes
d. Autoimmune disorder of the large arteries and veins of the upper and
lower extremities - ANSWER ANS: C
Attacks of vasospasm in the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers and,
less commonly, of the toes characterize Raynaud phenomenon and
Raynaud disease and is the only option that accurately describes this
disease
What change in a vein supports the development of varicose veins?
a. Increase in osmotic pressure
b. Damage to the valves in veins
c. Damage to the venous endothelium
d. Increase in hydrostatic pressure - ANSWER ANS: B
If a valve is damaged, permitting backflow, then a section of the vein is
subjected to the pressure exerted by a larger volume of blood under the
influence of gravity. The vein swells as it becomes engorged, and the
surrounding tissue becomes edematous because increased hydrostatic
pressure pushes plasma through the stretched vessel wall. This selection is
the only option that accurately describes the development of varicose
veins.
Superior vena cava syndrome is a result of a progressive increase of which
process?
a. Inflammation
b. Occlusion
c. Distention
d. Sclerosis - ANSWER ANS: B
Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is a progressive occlusion of the
superior vena cava (SVC) that leads to venous distention in the upper
,extremities and head. The remaining options are not associated with this
disorder.
What term is used to identify when a cell is temporarily deprived of blood
supply?
a. Infarction
b. Ischemia
c. Necrosis
d. Inflammation - ANSWER ANS: B
Coronary artery disease (CAD) can diminish the myocardial blood supply
until deprivation impairs myocardial metabolism enough to cause ischemia,
a local state in which the cells are temporarily deprived of blood supply.
This term is the only option that is used to identify a temporarily deprived
blood supply.
The risk of developing coronary artery disease is increased up to threefold
by which factor?
a. Diabetes mellitus
b. Hypertension
c. Obesity
d. High alcohol consumption - ANSWER ANS: B
Hypertension is the only factor responsible for a twofold-to-threefold
increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Which risk factor is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) because
of its relationship with the alteration of hepatic lipoprotein?
a. Diabetes mellitus
b. Hypertension
c. Obesity
d. High alcohol consumption - ANSWER ANS: A
Of the available options, only diabetes mellitus is associated with CAD
because of the resulting alteration of hepatic lipoprotein synthesis; it
increases triglyceride levels and is involved in low-density lipoprotein
oxidation.
Nicotine increases atherosclerosis by the release of which
neurotransmitter?
a. Histamine
b. Nitric oxide
c. Angiotensin II
,d. Epinephrine - ANSWER ANS: D
Nicotine stimulates the release of catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine,
norepinephrine), which increases the heart rate and causes peripheral
vascular constriction. As a result, blood pressure increases, as do both
cardiac workload and oxygen demand. None of the other options are
associated with this mechanism.
Which substance is manufactured by the liver and primarily contains
cholesterol and protein?
a. Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
b. Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
c. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
d. Triglycerides - ANSWER ANS: B
A series of chemical reactions in the liver results in the production of
several lipoproteins that vary in density and function. These include VLDLs,
primarily triglycerides and protein; LDLs, mostly cholesterol and protein;
and HDLs, mainly phospholipids and protein. LDLs are the only lipoproteins
that are manufactured by the liver and primarily contain cholesterol and
protein
Which elevated value may be protective of the development of
atherosclerosis?
a. Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
b. Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
c. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs
d. Triglycerides - ANSWER ANS: C
Low levels of HDL cholesterol are also a strong indicator of coronary risk,
whereas high levels of HDLs may be more protective for the development
of atherosclerosis than low levels of LDLs. Neither VLDLs nor elevated
triglycerides are associated with a protective mechanism.
Which laboratory test is an indirect measure of atherosclerotic plaque?
a. Homocysteine
b. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
c. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
d. C-reactive protein (CRP) - ANSWER ANS: D
Highly sensitive CRP (hs-CRP) is an acute phase reactant or protein
mostly synthesized in the liver and, of the available options, is an indirect
measure of atherosclerotic plaque-related inflammation.
, Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions and still return to a viable
state for how many minutes?
a. 10
b. 15
c. 20
d. 25 - ANSWER ANS: C
Cardiac cells remain viable for approximately 20 minutes under ischemic
conditions. If blood flow is restored, then aerobic metabolism resumes,
contractility is restored, and cellular repair begins. If the coronary artery
occlusion persists beyond 20 minutes, then myocardial infarction (MI)
occurs.
Which form of angina occurs most often during sleep as a result of
vasospasms of one or more coronary arteries?
a. Unstable
b. Stable
c. Silent
d. Prinzmetal - ANSWER ANS: D
Of the options available, only Prinzmetal angina (also called variant angina)
is chest pain attributable to transient ischemia of the myocardium that
occurs unpredictably and almost exclusively at rest.
When is the scar tissue that is formed after a myocardial infarction (MI)
most vulnerable to injury?
a. Between 5 and 9 days
b. Between 10 and 14 days
c. Between 15 and 20 days
d. Between 20 and 30 days - ANSWER ANS: B
During the recovery period (10 to 14 days after infarction), individuals feel
more capable of increasing activities and thus may stress the newly formed
scar tissue. After 6 weeks, the necrotic area is completely replaced by scar
tissue, which is strong but unable to contract and relax like healthy
myocardial tissue.
An individual who is demonstrating elevated levels of troponin, creatine
kinase-isoenzyme MB (CK-MB), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) is
exhibiting indicators associated with which condition?
a. Myocardial ischemia
b. Hypertension
c. Myocardial infarction (MI)
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS/ ALREADY
GRADED A++
Which statement best describes Raynaud disease?
a. Inflammatory disorder of small- and medium-size arteries in the feet and
sometimes in the hands
b. Neoplastic disorder of the lining of the arteries and veins of the upper
extremities
c. Vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers
and, less commonly, of the toes
d. Autoimmune disorder of the large arteries and veins of the upper and
lower extremities - ANSWER ANS: C
Attacks of vasospasm in the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers and,
less commonly, of the toes characterize Raynaud phenomenon and
Raynaud disease and is the only option that accurately describes this
disease
What change in a vein supports the development of varicose veins?
a. Increase in osmotic pressure
b. Damage to the valves in veins
c. Damage to the venous endothelium
d. Increase in hydrostatic pressure - ANSWER ANS: B
If a valve is damaged, permitting backflow, then a section of the vein is
subjected to the pressure exerted by a larger volume of blood under the
influence of gravity. The vein swells as it becomes engorged, and the
surrounding tissue becomes edematous because increased hydrostatic
pressure pushes plasma through the stretched vessel wall. This selection is
the only option that accurately describes the development of varicose
veins.
Superior vena cava syndrome is a result of a progressive increase of which
process?
a. Inflammation
b. Occlusion
c. Distention
d. Sclerosis - ANSWER ANS: B
Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is a progressive occlusion of the
superior vena cava (SVC) that leads to venous distention in the upper
,extremities and head. The remaining options are not associated with this
disorder.
What term is used to identify when a cell is temporarily deprived of blood
supply?
a. Infarction
b. Ischemia
c. Necrosis
d. Inflammation - ANSWER ANS: B
Coronary artery disease (CAD) can diminish the myocardial blood supply
until deprivation impairs myocardial metabolism enough to cause ischemia,
a local state in which the cells are temporarily deprived of blood supply.
This term is the only option that is used to identify a temporarily deprived
blood supply.
The risk of developing coronary artery disease is increased up to threefold
by which factor?
a. Diabetes mellitus
b. Hypertension
c. Obesity
d. High alcohol consumption - ANSWER ANS: B
Hypertension is the only factor responsible for a twofold-to-threefold
increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Which risk factor is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) because
of its relationship with the alteration of hepatic lipoprotein?
a. Diabetes mellitus
b. Hypertension
c. Obesity
d. High alcohol consumption - ANSWER ANS: A
Of the available options, only diabetes mellitus is associated with CAD
because of the resulting alteration of hepatic lipoprotein synthesis; it
increases triglyceride levels and is involved in low-density lipoprotein
oxidation.
Nicotine increases atherosclerosis by the release of which
neurotransmitter?
a. Histamine
b. Nitric oxide
c. Angiotensin II
,d. Epinephrine - ANSWER ANS: D
Nicotine stimulates the release of catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine,
norepinephrine), which increases the heart rate and causes peripheral
vascular constriction. As a result, blood pressure increases, as do both
cardiac workload and oxygen demand. None of the other options are
associated with this mechanism.
Which substance is manufactured by the liver and primarily contains
cholesterol and protein?
a. Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
b. Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
c. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
d. Triglycerides - ANSWER ANS: B
A series of chemical reactions in the liver results in the production of
several lipoproteins that vary in density and function. These include VLDLs,
primarily triglycerides and protein; LDLs, mostly cholesterol and protein;
and HDLs, mainly phospholipids and protein. LDLs are the only lipoproteins
that are manufactured by the liver and primarily contain cholesterol and
protein
Which elevated value may be protective of the development of
atherosclerosis?
a. Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
b. Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
c. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs
d. Triglycerides - ANSWER ANS: C
Low levels of HDL cholesterol are also a strong indicator of coronary risk,
whereas high levels of HDLs may be more protective for the development
of atherosclerosis than low levels of LDLs. Neither VLDLs nor elevated
triglycerides are associated with a protective mechanism.
Which laboratory test is an indirect measure of atherosclerotic plaque?
a. Homocysteine
b. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
c. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
d. C-reactive protein (CRP) - ANSWER ANS: D
Highly sensitive CRP (hs-CRP) is an acute phase reactant or protein
mostly synthesized in the liver and, of the available options, is an indirect
measure of atherosclerotic plaque-related inflammation.
, Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions and still return to a viable
state for how many minutes?
a. 10
b. 15
c. 20
d. 25 - ANSWER ANS: C
Cardiac cells remain viable for approximately 20 minutes under ischemic
conditions. If blood flow is restored, then aerobic metabolism resumes,
contractility is restored, and cellular repair begins. If the coronary artery
occlusion persists beyond 20 minutes, then myocardial infarction (MI)
occurs.
Which form of angina occurs most often during sleep as a result of
vasospasms of one or more coronary arteries?
a. Unstable
b. Stable
c. Silent
d. Prinzmetal - ANSWER ANS: D
Of the options available, only Prinzmetal angina (also called variant angina)
is chest pain attributable to transient ischemia of the myocardium that
occurs unpredictably and almost exclusively at rest.
When is the scar tissue that is formed after a myocardial infarction (MI)
most vulnerable to injury?
a. Between 5 and 9 days
b. Between 10 and 14 days
c. Between 15 and 20 days
d. Between 20 and 30 days - ANSWER ANS: B
During the recovery period (10 to 14 days after infarction), individuals feel
more capable of increasing activities and thus may stress the newly formed
scar tissue. After 6 weeks, the necrotic area is completely replaced by scar
tissue, which is strong but unable to contract and relax like healthy
myocardial tissue.
An individual who is demonstrating elevated levels of troponin, creatine
kinase-isoenzyme MB (CK-MB), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) is
exhibiting indicators associated with which condition?
a. Myocardial ischemia
b. Hypertension
c. Myocardial infarction (MI)
