NURS 251 Portage Study Guide 6
x x x x x x
x
Cystitis x- xInfection xof xthe xbladder x
x
Nephrotoxicity x- xToxic xto xthe xkidneys x
x
Ototoxicity x- xToxic xto xhearing x
x
HTN x- xHypertension x
x
Enzyme xinduction x- xdrugs xstimulate xthe xmetabolism, xcan xcause
xdecreased x
x
pharmacological
xeffects
x
Enzyme xinhibition x- xoccurs xwith xconcurred xadministration xof x2+ xdrugs xthat
xcompete xfor xthe xsame xmetabolizing xenzymes x> xinhibits xdrug xmetabolizing xMIs
xand xcan xlead xto xdrug xtoxicity x
x
Serum xhalf-life x- x-the xtime xrequired xfor xthe xserum xconcentration xof xthe xdrug xto xbe
xdecreased xby xhalf x x
-generally, xtakes x5 xhalf-lives xfor xdrugs xto xbe xconsidered xremoved x
-it xcould xtake xseveral xdays xfor xsome xdrugs xto xbecome xtherapeutic x(most xwork
xthis xway) x
x
Serum xdrug xlevel x- xmeasurement xof xa xdrug xin xthe xblood xat xa xparticular xtime x
x
Onset x- xthe xtime xrequired xfor xthe xdrug xto xelicit xa xtherapeutic xresponse x
x
Peak x- x-highest xblood xlevel xof xthe
xdrug
x
-toxicity xoccurs xif xpeak xis xtoo
xhigh
x
Duration x- xthe xlength xof xtime xthe xdrug xconcentration xis xsufficient xto xbe xtherapeutic
x
x
x x
Trough x- x-lowest xblood xlevel xof xthe
xdrug
-not xenough xof xthe xdrug xto xbe xeffective, xdisease xcould xcome
xback
x
Pharmacodynamics x- xthe xstudy xof xwhat xthe xdrug xdoes xto xthe xbody x
x
Therapeutic xeffect x- xa xpositive xchange xin xa xfaulty xphysiological xsystem x(the
xgoal xof x
x
drug
xtherapy)
x
3 xthings xdrug xreceptors xcan xdo: x- x-increase/decrease xthe xintercellular xenzyme
xactivity
x
-change xthe xmembrane
xpermeability
, x
-change xsynthesis xand xrelease xof xneuro xhormones x(which xregulate
xvarious
x
physiological
xprocesses)
x
5 xreasons xfor xpharmacotherapeutics: x- x1. xacute/cure: xmight xsustain xlife/treat
xdiseases
x x
2. xmaintenance: xthe xtreatment xof xa xchronic
xillness
x
3. xsupplemental: xthe xbody xdoesn't xmake xenough xof xsomething x(i.e.
xdiabetics)
4. xpalliative: xused xto xmake xthe xpatient xas xcomfortable xas xpossible xwhen xno
xlonger x
x x
treating xdisease x(i.e.
xEOL)
x
5. xprophylactic: xtrying xto xprevent xillness x(i.e. xantibiotics xbefore
xsurgery)
x
Additive xinteraction x- xwhen xyou xtake x2 xdrugs xwith xsimilar xpharmacological xaction
xcan x
x
cause xan xincrease xin xadverse xeffects x(often xthe xcause xof
xOD)
x
Synergistic xinteraction x- xtaking x2 xdrugs xwith xdifferent xmechanisms xof xaction
xcan x
x
cause xgreater
xeffects
x
Antagonistic xinteraction x- xcombination x2 xdrugs xresulting xin xeffects xthat xare xless
xthan x
x
the xsum xof xthe xeffects xif xthey xwere xtaken
xseparately
x
Incompatibility xinteraction x- xwhen xtwo xperinatal xdrugs xare xmixed xtogether xresulting
xin x
x
a xchemical xdeterioration xof xone xor xboth
xdrugs
x
Adverse xdrug xevents x- xcould xbe xmedication xerror, xadverse xdrug xreaction,
xallergic x
x
reaction
x
2014 xFDA xPregnancy xCategories x- xA x- xno xfetal xrisk x
B - xanimal xstudies xshow xno xrisk x x
C - xa xpotential xrisk, xdrugs xmay xbe xused x
D - xEvidence xof xfetal xrisk, xbut xpotential xbenefit xto xmother xmay xbe xacceptable xX x-
xdemonstrated xfetal xrisk xoutweighs xany xbenefit x
x
2015 xFDA xPregnancy xCategories x- xPregnancy x- xrisk, xclinical xconsiderations xand
xdata x
x x x x x x
x
Cystitis x- xInfection xof xthe xbladder x
x
Nephrotoxicity x- xToxic xto xthe xkidneys x
x
Ototoxicity x- xToxic xto xhearing x
x
HTN x- xHypertension x
x
Enzyme xinduction x- xdrugs xstimulate xthe xmetabolism, xcan xcause
xdecreased x
x
pharmacological
xeffects
x
Enzyme xinhibition x- xoccurs xwith xconcurred xadministration xof x2+ xdrugs xthat
xcompete xfor xthe xsame xmetabolizing xenzymes x> xinhibits xdrug xmetabolizing xMIs
xand xcan xlead xto xdrug xtoxicity x
x
Serum xhalf-life x- x-the xtime xrequired xfor xthe xserum xconcentration xof xthe xdrug xto xbe
xdecreased xby xhalf x x
-generally, xtakes x5 xhalf-lives xfor xdrugs xto xbe xconsidered xremoved x
-it xcould xtake xseveral xdays xfor xsome xdrugs xto xbecome xtherapeutic x(most xwork
xthis xway) x
x
Serum xdrug xlevel x- xmeasurement xof xa xdrug xin xthe xblood xat xa xparticular xtime x
x
Onset x- xthe xtime xrequired xfor xthe xdrug xto xelicit xa xtherapeutic xresponse x
x
Peak x- x-highest xblood xlevel xof xthe
xdrug
x
-toxicity xoccurs xif xpeak xis xtoo
xhigh
x
Duration x- xthe xlength xof xtime xthe xdrug xconcentration xis xsufficient xto xbe xtherapeutic
x
x
x x
Trough x- x-lowest xblood xlevel xof xthe
xdrug
-not xenough xof xthe xdrug xto xbe xeffective, xdisease xcould xcome
xback
x
Pharmacodynamics x- xthe xstudy xof xwhat xthe xdrug xdoes xto xthe xbody x
x
Therapeutic xeffect x- xa xpositive xchange xin xa xfaulty xphysiological xsystem x(the
xgoal xof x
x
drug
xtherapy)
x
3 xthings xdrug xreceptors xcan xdo: x- x-increase/decrease xthe xintercellular xenzyme
xactivity
x
-change xthe xmembrane
xpermeability
, x
-change xsynthesis xand xrelease xof xneuro xhormones x(which xregulate
xvarious
x
physiological
xprocesses)
x
5 xreasons xfor xpharmacotherapeutics: x- x1. xacute/cure: xmight xsustain xlife/treat
xdiseases
x x
2. xmaintenance: xthe xtreatment xof xa xchronic
xillness
x
3. xsupplemental: xthe xbody xdoesn't xmake xenough xof xsomething x(i.e.
xdiabetics)
4. xpalliative: xused xto xmake xthe xpatient xas xcomfortable xas xpossible xwhen xno
xlonger x
x x
treating xdisease x(i.e.
xEOL)
x
5. xprophylactic: xtrying xto xprevent xillness x(i.e. xantibiotics xbefore
xsurgery)
x
Additive xinteraction x- xwhen xyou xtake x2 xdrugs xwith xsimilar xpharmacological xaction
xcan x
x
cause xan xincrease xin xadverse xeffects x(often xthe xcause xof
xOD)
x
Synergistic xinteraction x- xtaking x2 xdrugs xwith xdifferent xmechanisms xof xaction
xcan x
x
cause xgreater
xeffects
x
Antagonistic xinteraction x- xcombination x2 xdrugs xresulting xin xeffects xthat xare xless
xthan x
x
the xsum xof xthe xeffects xif xthey xwere xtaken
xseparately
x
Incompatibility xinteraction x- xwhen xtwo xperinatal xdrugs xare xmixed xtogether xresulting
xin x
x
a xchemical xdeterioration xof xone xor xboth
xdrugs
x
Adverse xdrug xevents x- xcould xbe xmedication xerror, xadverse xdrug xreaction,
xallergic x
x
reaction
x
2014 xFDA xPregnancy xCategories x- xA x- xno xfetal xrisk x
B - xanimal xstudies xshow xno xrisk x x
C - xa xpotential xrisk, xdrugs xmay xbe xused x
D - xEvidence xof xfetal xrisk, xbut xpotential xbenefit xto xmother xmay xbe xacceptable xX x-
xdemonstrated xfetal xrisk xoutweighs xany xbenefit x
x
2015 xFDA xPregnancy xCategories x- xPregnancy x- xrisk, xclinical xconsiderations xand
xdata x
