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Samenvatting Cursus Bloed 2 - 100 pagina's

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Samenvatting van de cursus Alle informatie die te kennen is staat erin Specifieke medicatie die te kennen is: in het rood (19/20 gehaald)

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SAMENVATTING
CURSUS HEMATOLOGIE
Bloed 2 – 1 e Master geneeskunde UA




1

,Table of Contents
Hoodfstuk 1: hematologische diagnostiek...................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Symptomen.....................................................................................................................................................5
1.3 Etiologie lymfadenopathie..............................................................................................................................5
1.4 Etiologie splenomegalie..................................................................................................................................6
1.6 Hematologische diagnostiek..........................................................................................................................6

Hoofdstuk 2: oppuntstelling anemie............................................................................................................... 7
Oppuntstelling......................................................................................................................................................7
A. Hypochrome microcytaire anemie...................................................................................................................8
B. Normochrome normocytaire anemie...............................................................................................................9
C. Macrocytaire anemie......................................................................................................................................10

Hoofdstuk 3: microcytaire anemie................................................................................................................ 10
3.1 Fysiologie ijzermetabolisme..........................................................................................................................10
3.2 Ferriprieve anemie........................................................................................................................................12
3.3 Anemie van chronische ziekten....................................................................................................................14
3.4 Sideroblastische anemie...............................................................................................................................14
3.5 Thalassemie..................................................................................................................................................15

Hoofdstuk 4: macrocytaire anemie............................................................................................................... 17
4.1 Fysiopathologie megaloblastische anemie...................................................................................................17
4.2 Klinische manifestaties megaloblastische anemie.......................................................................................17
4.3 Oorzaken megaloblastische anemie.............................................................................................................18
4.4 Diagnostiek megaloblastische anemie.........................................................................................................20
4.5 Therapie megaloblastische anemie..............................................................................................................21
4.6 Macrocytaire anemie met normoblastisch beenmerg.................................................................................22

Hoofdstuk 5: hemolytische anemieën........................................................................................................... 23
5.1 Definitie en classificatie hemolytische anemieën.........................................................................................23
5.2 Hereditaire sferocytose.................................................................................................................................23
5.3 G6PD deficiëntie...........................................................................................................................................24
5.4 Pyruvaatkinasedeficiëntie.............................................................................................................................25
5.5 Sikkelcelanemie.............................................................................................................................................25
5.7 Immune hemolytische anemieën..................................................................................................................26
5.8 Bloedgroepantigenen en bloedtransfusie....................................................................................................27
5.9 Allo- of iso-immune hemolytische anemie...................................................................................................28
5.10 Auto-immune hemolytische anemie...........................................................................................................29

2

,Hoofdstuk 6: leukocytose en leukopenie...................................................................................................... 30
6.1 Neutrofilie.....................................................................................................................................................31
6.2 Eosinofilie......................................................................................................................................................31
6.5 Lymfocytose..................................................................................................................................................31
6.6 Mononucleosis infectiosa.............................................................................................................................32
6.7 Neutropenie..................................................................................................................................................33

Hoofdstuk 7: pancytopenie.......................................................................................................................... 35
7.1 Definitie en etiologie.....................................................................................................................................35
7.2 Aplastische anemie (beenmergaplasie)........................................................................................................35
7.4 Hematopoietische stamceltransplantatie.....................................................................................................36

Hoofdstuk 8: inleiding kwaadaardige hematologische aandoeningen............................................................40
8.1 Definities en gemeenschappelijke biologische eigenschappen....................................................................40
8.2 Pathogenese van de belangrijkste klinische manifestaties van hematologische maligniteiten...................40
8.3 Ontstaansmechanismn van hematologische tumoren.................................................................................42

Hoofdstuk 9: acute leukemie........................................................................................................................ 44
9.1 Verschillen acute en chronische leukemie, verschillende vormen van leukemie..........................................44
9.2 Klinische verschijnselen acute leukemie.......................................................................................................44
9.3 Diagnose acute leukemie..............................................................................................................................45
9.4 Behandeling acute leukemie.........................................................................................................................46

Hoofdstuk 10: chronische leukemie.............................................................................................................. 49
10.1 Chronische myeloïde leukemie...................................................................................................................49
10.2 Chronische lymfatische leukemie................................................................................................................51

Hoofdstuk 11: myelodisplastische neoplasieën............................................................................................. 53
11.1 Definitie......................................................................................................................................................53
11.2 Classificatie.................................................................................................................................................53
11.3 Klinische verschijnselen en diagnose..........................................................................................................54
11.4 Behandeling................................................................................................................................................54

Hoofdstuk 12: maligne lymfomen................................................................................................................. 55
12.1 Definitie......................................................................................................................................................55
12.2 Hodgkin lymfomen......................................................................................................................................55
12.3 Non-Hodgkin lymfomen: classificatie en voorkomen.................................................................................59
12.4 Non-Hodgkin lymfomen: klinische verschijnselen, diagnosestelling en behandeling................................60
12.5 Cutane T-cel lymfomen...............................................................................................................................62

Hoofdstuk 13: monoklonale gammopathie................................................................................................... 63


3

, 13.1 Definitie en voorkomen...............................................................................................................................63
13.2 Multipel myeloom (ziekte van Kahler)........................................................................................................64
13.1 Macroglobulinemie van Waldenström.......................................................................................................66

Hoofdstuk 14: myeloproliferatieve neoplasieën............................................................................................ 68
14.1 Algemene eigenschappen en classificatie..................................................................................................68
14.2 Polycythemia vera......................................................................................................................................68
14.3 Essentiële trombocythemie........................................................................................................................70
14.4 Primaire myelofibrose.................................................................................................................................71

Hoofdstuk 15: hemostase en fibrinolyse....................................................................................................... 73
A. Fysiologie van hemostase en fibrinolyse........................................................................................................73
1. Hemostase..................................................................................................................................................73
2. Testen voor stolling.....................................................................................................................................75
B. Pathofysiologie van de bloedstolling..............................................................................................................77
1. Afwijkingen van de primaire hemostase en het begrip purpura................................................................77
2. Afwijkingen van plasmatische stolling........................................................................................................82
3. Covid-19 coagulopathie..............................................................................................................................87

Hoofdstuk 16: trombose en anti-stolling....................................................................................................... 88
16.1 Trombose....................................................................................................................................................88
16.2 Erfelijke en verworven trombofilie..............................................................................................................88
16.3 Antitrombotische therapie..........................................................................................................................92
16.4 Behandeling en preventie van trombose....................................................................................................99




4

,Hoodfstuk 1: hematologische diagnostiek
1.1 Symptomen
Anemie:
 Moeheid
 Dyspneu
 Duizeligheid
 Tachycardie en hartkloppingen

Neutropenie:
 Bacteriële infecties, schimmelinfecties
 Eerste uiting: neutropene koorts

Trombocytopenie:
 Bloedingen, vnl huid en mucosae

Daling T-lymfocyten:
 Virale, protozoaire, fungale infecties

Stoornissen stollingsfactoren
 Bloedingen, vnl spieren en gewrichten

Andere symptomen:
 Orgaaninfiltratie door abnormale cellenbeenmerg, lymfeklieren en andere organen: andere
ziekten.
 Lymfoïde tumoren: gestoorde B- en T-celimmuniteit.

Deze symptomen bijna nooit specifiek  perifeerbloedonderzoek en stollingsonderzoek.

1.3 Etiologie lymfadenopathie
1. Infecties
 Viraal: EBV, CMV, mazelen, rubella, HIV, virale hepatitis
 Bacterieel: drainage gebied lokale infectie (keel, tand, oor, …); TBC, syfilis, brucellose,
salmonella, bacteriële endocardtis
 Schimmels: histoplasma, …
 Protozoa: toxoplasma, … Brucellose bij mensen =
maltakoorst; bacteriële infectie.
2. Tumoraal
 Lymfomen (Hodgkin en non-Hodgkin)
 Leukemieën: vnl lymfatische leukemieën (chronische lymfatische en acute lymfoblastische)
 Macroglobulinemie van Waldenström (lymfoplasmocytair lymfoom met overproductie IgM)
 Meta’s van carcinoom

3. Inflammatoir
 Auto-immuun: SLE, RA
 Sarcoïdose

4. Medicatie
 Difenylhydantoïne, …

5. Hyperthyroïdie
Diagnostiek intrathoracale en intra-abdominale lymfeklieren

5

,  Beeldvorming (RX thorax, echo abdomen, CT met/zonder PET)
 Als onduidelijk: lymfeklierbiopt (pathologie, cytologie, microbiologie, moleculair;
flowcytometrie voor immunologische merkers)

1.4 Etiologie splenomegalie
1. Infecties
 Mononucleosis infectiosa (EBV)
 Bacteriële endocarditis, TBC, brucellose
 Leishmaniose, schistosomiase, malaria

2. Inflammatoir
 SLE, RA
 Auto-immune hemolytische anemie, auto-immune neutropenie

3. Infiltratief
 Leukemie, lymfoom
 Myeloproliferatieve neoplasie
 Stapelingsziekten (Gaucher, Niemann-Pick, glyceogeenstapeling, amyloidose)
 Tumoren en cysten

4. Hereditaire hemolytische anemie
 Sferocytose, elliptocytose, thalassemie, sikkelcelanemie (beginfase)

5. Congestieve splenomegalie
 Levercirrose
 Trombose v porta, v sushepatica
 Obstructie v lienalis
 Congestief hartfalen

6. Idiopathisch

1.6 Hematologische diagnostiek
Eerste oriënterende onderzoeken:
Ecchymose = blauwe plek
 Perifeer bloedbeeld op de huid of slijmvliezen.
 Stollingsonderzoek: APTT, PT, fibrinogeen

Anamnese KO Labo
Zak Bleek Anemie
Moe Icterus
Dyspneu
Infecties Splenomegalie Leukocytose
Koorts lymfadenopathie Leukopenie
Abnormale leukocyten
Bloeding Petechieën Trombocytopenie
Ecchymosen Ecchymosen Trombocytopathie
Musosale bloeding Abnormaal lang APTT
Hemartrose Abnormaal gestoord PT
Verlaagd fibrinogeen

Beenmergonderzoek:
 Beenmergbiopt of botbiopt: pathologie
 Beenmerguitstrijkje: cytologie, hematologie

6

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