Biochem Module 7 Exam Questions with Verified Solutions Rated A+ Latest 2025
glucogenic pathway converts _____ to _____ - Answers pyruvate, glucose
what precursors are converted to pyruvate? - Answers lactate, amino acids, glycerol
true of false: gluconeogenesis is the reversal of glycolysis - Answers false
the conversion of pyruvate into phosphoenolpyruvate begins with the formation of _____. This uses
____ and is catalyzed by _____, requires coenzyme _____. Occurs in the ____. - Answers oxaloacetate
1 ATP
pyruvate carboxylase
biotin
mitochondria
Oxaloacetate is shuttled into the _____ and converted to _____. First, oxaloacetate reduced to _____ by
_____, which provides ____ for subsequent steps. Next, oxaloacetates is decarboxylated and
phosphorylated by ____ to generate _____. Driven by ____. - Answers cytoplasm, phosphoenolpyruvate
malate, malate dehydrogenase, NADH
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, phosphoenolpyruvate
decarboxylation
The next irreversible step in gluconeogenesis is the conversion of F-1,6-BP to _____ - Answers F-6-P
F-6-P is converted to ____ which is converted to ____. Glucose is formed in the _____ - Answers G-6-P,
glycogen
liver
gluconeogensis is powere to hydrolysis of ____ - Answers ATP
when glucose is abundant, _____ will predominate. When glucose is scarce, _____ will take over -
Answers glycolysis
gluconeogenesis
key regulation site of gluconeogenesis - Answers F-1,6-BP --> F-6-P
High AMP stimulates _____ and inhibits ____. _____ turned on - Answers phosphofructokinase
fructose-1,6-biphosphatase
,glycolysis
high ATP and citrate _____ phosphofructokinase and _____ fructose-1,6-biphosphatase. Gluconeogensis
turned ___ - Answers inhibit
activate
on
pyruvate kinase inhibited by ____ and _____
pyruvate carboxylase inhibited by ___, stimulated by _____ - Answers ATP, alanine
ADP, acetyl CoA
the balance between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver is sensitive to _____ - Answers blood-
glucose concentration
in type 2 diabetes, insulin fails to inhibit _____ - Answers gluconeogenesis
in the first step of glycogen breakdown, _____ cleaves glycogen to release ____ - Answers
phosphorylase, G-1-P
breakdown of glycogen also requires a _____ enzyme - Answers debranching
______ converts G-1-P to _____ - Answers phosphoglucomutase
G-6-P
the liver contains _____, an enzyme that cleaves the phosphate group from G-6-P and allows it to leave
the liver - Answers glucose-6-phosphatase
phosphorylase is regulated by several allosteric effectors that signal the ____ of the cell, as well as by
reversible phosphorylation, which is responsive to ____ such as ____, ____, ____ - Answers energy state
hormones
insulin, epinephrine
glucagon
the liver maintains glucose homeostasis for _____, whereas the muscle uses glucose to produce energy
for _____ - Answers the whole organism
itself
active of form of liver phosphorylase
inactive form of liver phosphorylase - Answers a
, b
the default state of liver phosphorylase is ___ - Answers a
the default state of muscle phosphorylase is ___. It is activated by high ___, and inhibited by ___ and
___. - Answers b
AMP
ATP, G-6-P
phosphorylation promotes the conversion of phosphorylase __ to __. initiated by ____ - Answers b, a
hormones
phosphorylase kinase is activated by ____ and ____ - Answers phosphorylation
calcium
Hers disease is due to _____ deficiency. It is an enlargement of the liver because _____ - Answers
phosphorylase
glycogen cannot be degraded
____ and ____ signal the need to glycogen breakdown. The effects of these hormones is amplified by
_____ - Answers glucagon, epinephrine
cAMP cascade
Fatty acids are processed in three stages:
1. Lipids are ____. Triaclyglycerols are degraded to _____ and ____, which are released from adipose
tissue and transported to energy-requiring tissues
2. fatty acids must be ____ and transported into _____ for degradation
3. fatty acids are broken down in a step-by-step fashion into ____ - Answers mobilized, fatty acids,
glycerol
activated, mitochondria
acetyl CoA
restructures fat droplets so that the triaclyglycerols are more accessible to degradation - Answers perilin
releases one fatty acid, forming diaclyglycerol - Answers adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)
breaks down diacylglycerol into monoacylglycerol - Answers hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)
glucogenic pathway converts _____ to _____ - Answers pyruvate, glucose
what precursors are converted to pyruvate? - Answers lactate, amino acids, glycerol
true of false: gluconeogenesis is the reversal of glycolysis - Answers false
the conversion of pyruvate into phosphoenolpyruvate begins with the formation of _____. This uses
____ and is catalyzed by _____, requires coenzyme _____. Occurs in the ____. - Answers oxaloacetate
1 ATP
pyruvate carboxylase
biotin
mitochondria
Oxaloacetate is shuttled into the _____ and converted to _____. First, oxaloacetate reduced to _____ by
_____, which provides ____ for subsequent steps. Next, oxaloacetates is decarboxylated and
phosphorylated by ____ to generate _____. Driven by ____. - Answers cytoplasm, phosphoenolpyruvate
malate, malate dehydrogenase, NADH
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, phosphoenolpyruvate
decarboxylation
The next irreversible step in gluconeogenesis is the conversion of F-1,6-BP to _____ - Answers F-6-P
F-6-P is converted to ____ which is converted to ____. Glucose is formed in the _____ - Answers G-6-P,
glycogen
liver
gluconeogensis is powere to hydrolysis of ____ - Answers ATP
when glucose is abundant, _____ will predominate. When glucose is scarce, _____ will take over -
Answers glycolysis
gluconeogenesis
key regulation site of gluconeogenesis - Answers F-1,6-BP --> F-6-P
High AMP stimulates _____ and inhibits ____. _____ turned on - Answers phosphofructokinase
fructose-1,6-biphosphatase
,glycolysis
high ATP and citrate _____ phosphofructokinase and _____ fructose-1,6-biphosphatase. Gluconeogensis
turned ___ - Answers inhibit
activate
on
pyruvate kinase inhibited by ____ and _____
pyruvate carboxylase inhibited by ___, stimulated by _____ - Answers ATP, alanine
ADP, acetyl CoA
the balance between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver is sensitive to _____ - Answers blood-
glucose concentration
in type 2 diabetes, insulin fails to inhibit _____ - Answers gluconeogenesis
in the first step of glycogen breakdown, _____ cleaves glycogen to release ____ - Answers
phosphorylase, G-1-P
breakdown of glycogen also requires a _____ enzyme - Answers debranching
______ converts G-1-P to _____ - Answers phosphoglucomutase
G-6-P
the liver contains _____, an enzyme that cleaves the phosphate group from G-6-P and allows it to leave
the liver - Answers glucose-6-phosphatase
phosphorylase is regulated by several allosteric effectors that signal the ____ of the cell, as well as by
reversible phosphorylation, which is responsive to ____ such as ____, ____, ____ - Answers energy state
hormones
insulin, epinephrine
glucagon
the liver maintains glucose homeostasis for _____, whereas the muscle uses glucose to produce energy
for _____ - Answers the whole organism
itself
active of form of liver phosphorylase
inactive form of liver phosphorylase - Answers a
, b
the default state of liver phosphorylase is ___ - Answers a
the default state of muscle phosphorylase is ___. It is activated by high ___, and inhibited by ___ and
___. - Answers b
AMP
ATP, G-6-P
phosphorylation promotes the conversion of phosphorylase __ to __. initiated by ____ - Answers b, a
hormones
phosphorylase kinase is activated by ____ and ____ - Answers phosphorylation
calcium
Hers disease is due to _____ deficiency. It is an enlargement of the liver because _____ - Answers
phosphorylase
glycogen cannot be degraded
____ and ____ signal the need to glycogen breakdown. The effects of these hormones is amplified by
_____ - Answers glucagon, epinephrine
cAMP cascade
Fatty acids are processed in three stages:
1. Lipids are ____. Triaclyglycerols are degraded to _____ and ____, which are released from adipose
tissue and transported to energy-requiring tissues
2. fatty acids must be ____ and transported into _____ for degradation
3. fatty acids are broken down in a step-by-step fashion into ____ - Answers mobilized, fatty acids,
glycerol
activated, mitochondria
acetyl CoA
restructures fat droplets so that the triaclyglycerols are more accessible to degradation - Answers perilin
releases one fatty acid, forming diaclyglycerol - Answers adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)
breaks down diacylglycerol into monoacylglycerol - Answers hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)
