CSSD EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
ATP - ANSWER-energy currency of the cell
the fuel for all processes within cells requiring energy
Work - ANSWER-This results from the ATP releasing energy and activating muscle
contraction through transferring the energy from ATP to the contractile elements in
muscle (actin and myosin).
ATP resynthesis - ANSWER--The metabolic process that results in the recombination of
ADP and Pi to form ATP.
-Can occur from CP (creatine phosphate) through the phosphagen system, anaerobic
glycolysis and aerobic metabolism.
Metabolic systems
1) PCr
2) Anaerobic glycolysis
3) Aerobic metabolism - ANSWER-What works concurrently to provide energy for work?
Name them
exercise intensity
duration
level of training
composition of diet - ANSWER-What are the factors that determine fuel source for
exercise?
Glycogen
Plasma glucose
Intramuscular triglycerides
Plasma free fatty acids - ANSWER-What are the four major fuel sources?
ATP-phosphocreatine system - ANSWER--PC stored in skeletal muscle
-Key part of anaerobic system
-Needed during high intensity and explosive movements
-Rapid source of ATP but does not last more than a few seconds at a time
-PC --Creatine Kinase--> Cr + Pi + Energy (ATP
anaerobic glycolysis - ANSWER--only fuel source is glucose that comes from dietary
intake and stored glycogen
-Glucose used in the first few minutes of continuous, intense activity, in the absence of
oxygen
-1,6-C glucose-->2,3C pyruvates --> lactate
,-build up of lactate causes drop in muscle pH, reduces enzyme activity for glycolysis,
causes muscle fatigue, lactate enters cori cycle
Lactate - ANSWER--a 3-carbon compound produced from pyruvate during anaerobic
metabolism
-results in a drop in muscle pH
-reduces enzyme activity for glycolysis
-results in skeletal muscle fatigue
-enters the cori cycle
aerobic glycolysis - ANSWER--A metabolic pathway that requires oxygen to facilitate
the use of glycogen for energy (ATP)
-Also known as oxidative phosphorylation
-Predominates during most endurance exercise
-Oxidation of glucose results in the formation of acetyl CoA in the presence of oxygen
-AcetylCoA condenses with oxaloacetate and enters the krebs cylce
-krebs cycle produces hydrogen molecules which get transported to the ETC to
generate ATP
Motor unit - ANSWER-a single motor neuron (nerve) and all the muscle fibers it
innervates
Muscle fiber - ANSWER--a single muscle cell, usually classified according to strength,
speed of contraction, and energy source
-contain smaller organelles such as mitochondria for aerobic metabolism and myofibrils
in which the sarcomere is the functional unit of the myofibrils and are responsible for
contraction
stroke volume - ANSWER-The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one
contraction. (one heart beat)
cardiac output - ANSWER--Heart rate x stroke volume, the overall performance of the
heart
-exercise increases this and athletes have higher than sedentary individuals
-muscle demand for blood pumped increases during exercise from 15% at rest to 80%
VO2 max - ANSWER--measures maximal rate of oxygen consumption
-the maximal oxygen uptake.
-It is an important consideration for performance lasting more than a few minutes and
can be measured in an exercise physiology laboratory. It is considered the best
measurement for cardiovascular or aerobic fitness.
-usually expressed as mL x kg^-1 x min^-1.
Respiratory Quotient (RQ) - ANSWER--Ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed
-measured through respirometry
,-Varies depending on foodstuff consumed
-included in indirect calorimetry measurements along with RMR and can provide
assessment of which macronutrient is being metabolized at the time
Myofibrils - ANSWER-Microscopic protein filaments that make up muscle cells.
Actin - ANSWER-thin filaments in the myofibril
Myosin - ANSWER-thick filament in the myofibril
Type 1 muscle fibers - ANSWER--slow-twitch, smaller and slower to produce maximal
tension, more resistant to fatigue.
-Aerobic endurance
-use carbohydrate and fat through aerobic energy during low intensity activity
Type 2 muscle fibers - ANSWER--fast-twitch, larger in size, quick to produce maximal
tension and fatigue more quickly
-In use during high-intensity, anaerobic work with poor capacity for aerobic endurance
-Subtypes are Types A, X, C
Cardiorespiratory System - ANSWER--works to control ventilation which includes
inspiration and expiration resulting in gas exchange (O2 and CO2) and metabolic waste
removal.
Increase - ANSWER-Heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and VO2 max
___________ with initiation of exercise, exercise intensity and training.
Hemoglobin - ANSWER--iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen
for delivery to cells
-the molecule in the blood responsible for transport of oxygen to the working muscle
Myoglobin - ANSWER--accepts the exchange of oxygen from hemoglobin and delivers
it to the mitochondria for use in aerobic metabolism in the muscle
Hart Rate - ANSWER--Beats per minute
-Normal range 60-100 bpm
Tachycardia - ANSWER-abnormally rapid heartbeat (over 100 beats per minute)
Bradycardia - ANSWER-slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm)
-increased cardiac output, blood volume, heart rate, blood pressure, type 1 muscle
fibers
-increased mitochondria, oxidative enzymes and myoglobin content - ANSWER-What
are the cardiovascular system adaptations to endurance training?
, -muscle hypertrophy wit subsequent increases in strength
-increase in size of skeletal muscle fibers - ANSWER-What are the neuromuscular
adaptations to resistance training?
Carbohydrates - ANSWER--Provide ATP during anaerobic and aerobic metabolism
-Stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle
-predominates during high intensity; also supplies fuel during endurance activity along
with fat (protein to a lesser extent)
-oxygen efficient fuel source and produces ATP quickly
Fat - ANSWER--can only be completely oxidized during aerobic metabolism
-stored as triglyceride in the adipose tissue and muscle tissue
-not oxygen-efficient
crossover concept - ANSWER--during low intensity (and rest), fat is used as a fuel
source and as the intensity of exercise increases, carbohydrate as a fuel source
predominates
High Intensity (85% VO2 max)
<1 min duration - ANSWER-Example: Sprinting all out
-Fuel source: ATP/PC (100%) for 1st few seconds, then ATP/PC/Anaerobic Glycolysis
High Intensity
4-5 min duration - ANSWER-Example: Fast running (hard effort all the way through) e.g.
1500m
-Fuel Source: ATP/PC (~6%) Anaerobic Glycolysis with lactic acid build up (~94%)
Moderate Intensity - ANSWER-Example: Moderate running (e.g. 10k)
-Fuel source: Predominately aerobic metabolism due to availability of oxygen; Fat
(intramuscular triglycerides and plasma free fatty acids) contribute as well.
-If duration is longer than 2.5 hours then amino acids will contribute small %.
Low intensity (<65% VO2max),
Very long duration >6 hours - ANSWER-Example: Ultra-endurance (and at rest)
-Predominately fat oxidation with contributions from aerobic glycolysis
Muscle glycogen - ANSWER-Constitutes the major carbohydrate source in the body
equivalent to 300-400g or 1,200-1,600 kcal.
Liver glycogen - ANSWER--helps maintain blood glucose levels
75-100g or 300-400 kcal
Blood glucose - ANSWER-70-110 mg/dL
~5 g or 20 kcal
Fatty Acids - ANSWER--Constitute another major fuel source for working muscles.
ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
ATP - ANSWER-energy currency of the cell
the fuel for all processes within cells requiring energy
Work - ANSWER-This results from the ATP releasing energy and activating muscle
contraction through transferring the energy from ATP to the contractile elements in
muscle (actin and myosin).
ATP resynthesis - ANSWER--The metabolic process that results in the recombination of
ADP and Pi to form ATP.
-Can occur from CP (creatine phosphate) through the phosphagen system, anaerobic
glycolysis and aerobic metabolism.
Metabolic systems
1) PCr
2) Anaerobic glycolysis
3) Aerobic metabolism - ANSWER-What works concurrently to provide energy for work?
Name them
exercise intensity
duration
level of training
composition of diet - ANSWER-What are the factors that determine fuel source for
exercise?
Glycogen
Plasma glucose
Intramuscular triglycerides
Plasma free fatty acids - ANSWER-What are the four major fuel sources?
ATP-phosphocreatine system - ANSWER--PC stored in skeletal muscle
-Key part of anaerobic system
-Needed during high intensity and explosive movements
-Rapid source of ATP but does not last more than a few seconds at a time
-PC --Creatine Kinase--> Cr + Pi + Energy (ATP
anaerobic glycolysis - ANSWER--only fuel source is glucose that comes from dietary
intake and stored glycogen
-Glucose used in the first few minutes of continuous, intense activity, in the absence of
oxygen
-1,6-C glucose-->2,3C pyruvates --> lactate
,-build up of lactate causes drop in muscle pH, reduces enzyme activity for glycolysis,
causes muscle fatigue, lactate enters cori cycle
Lactate - ANSWER--a 3-carbon compound produced from pyruvate during anaerobic
metabolism
-results in a drop in muscle pH
-reduces enzyme activity for glycolysis
-results in skeletal muscle fatigue
-enters the cori cycle
aerobic glycolysis - ANSWER--A metabolic pathway that requires oxygen to facilitate
the use of glycogen for energy (ATP)
-Also known as oxidative phosphorylation
-Predominates during most endurance exercise
-Oxidation of glucose results in the formation of acetyl CoA in the presence of oxygen
-AcetylCoA condenses with oxaloacetate and enters the krebs cylce
-krebs cycle produces hydrogen molecules which get transported to the ETC to
generate ATP
Motor unit - ANSWER-a single motor neuron (nerve) and all the muscle fibers it
innervates
Muscle fiber - ANSWER--a single muscle cell, usually classified according to strength,
speed of contraction, and energy source
-contain smaller organelles such as mitochondria for aerobic metabolism and myofibrils
in which the sarcomere is the functional unit of the myofibrils and are responsible for
contraction
stroke volume - ANSWER-The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one
contraction. (one heart beat)
cardiac output - ANSWER--Heart rate x stroke volume, the overall performance of the
heart
-exercise increases this and athletes have higher than sedentary individuals
-muscle demand for blood pumped increases during exercise from 15% at rest to 80%
VO2 max - ANSWER--measures maximal rate of oxygen consumption
-the maximal oxygen uptake.
-It is an important consideration for performance lasting more than a few minutes and
can be measured in an exercise physiology laboratory. It is considered the best
measurement for cardiovascular or aerobic fitness.
-usually expressed as mL x kg^-1 x min^-1.
Respiratory Quotient (RQ) - ANSWER--Ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed
-measured through respirometry
,-Varies depending on foodstuff consumed
-included in indirect calorimetry measurements along with RMR and can provide
assessment of which macronutrient is being metabolized at the time
Myofibrils - ANSWER-Microscopic protein filaments that make up muscle cells.
Actin - ANSWER-thin filaments in the myofibril
Myosin - ANSWER-thick filament in the myofibril
Type 1 muscle fibers - ANSWER--slow-twitch, smaller and slower to produce maximal
tension, more resistant to fatigue.
-Aerobic endurance
-use carbohydrate and fat through aerobic energy during low intensity activity
Type 2 muscle fibers - ANSWER--fast-twitch, larger in size, quick to produce maximal
tension and fatigue more quickly
-In use during high-intensity, anaerobic work with poor capacity for aerobic endurance
-Subtypes are Types A, X, C
Cardiorespiratory System - ANSWER--works to control ventilation which includes
inspiration and expiration resulting in gas exchange (O2 and CO2) and metabolic waste
removal.
Increase - ANSWER-Heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and VO2 max
___________ with initiation of exercise, exercise intensity and training.
Hemoglobin - ANSWER--iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen
for delivery to cells
-the molecule in the blood responsible for transport of oxygen to the working muscle
Myoglobin - ANSWER--accepts the exchange of oxygen from hemoglobin and delivers
it to the mitochondria for use in aerobic metabolism in the muscle
Hart Rate - ANSWER--Beats per minute
-Normal range 60-100 bpm
Tachycardia - ANSWER-abnormally rapid heartbeat (over 100 beats per minute)
Bradycardia - ANSWER-slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm)
-increased cardiac output, blood volume, heart rate, blood pressure, type 1 muscle
fibers
-increased mitochondria, oxidative enzymes and myoglobin content - ANSWER-What
are the cardiovascular system adaptations to endurance training?
, -muscle hypertrophy wit subsequent increases in strength
-increase in size of skeletal muscle fibers - ANSWER-What are the neuromuscular
adaptations to resistance training?
Carbohydrates - ANSWER--Provide ATP during anaerobic and aerobic metabolism
-Stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle
-predominates during high intensity; also supplies fuel during endurance activity along
with fat (protein to a lesser extent)
-oxygen efficient fuel source and produces ATP quickly
Fat - ANSWER--can only be completely oxidized during aerobic metabolism
-stored as triglyceride in the adipose tissue and muscle tissue
-not oxygen-efficient
crossover concept - ANSWER--during low intensity (and rest), fat is used as a fuel
source and as the intensity of exercise increases, carbohydrate as a fuel source
predominates
High Intensity (85% VO2 max)
<1 min duration - ANSWER-Example: Sprinting all out
-Fuel source: ATP/PC (100%) for 1st few seconds, then ATP/PC/Anaerobic Glycolysis
High Intensity
4-5 min duration - ANSWER-Example: Fast running (hard effort all the way through) e.g.
1500m
-Fuel Source: ATP/PC (~6%) Anaerobic Glycolysis with lactic acid build up (~94%)
Moderate Intensity - ANSWER-Example: Moderate running (e.g. 10k)
-Fuel source: Predominately aerobic metabolism due to availability of oxygen; Fat
(intramuscular triglycerides and plasma free fatty acids) contribute as well.
-If duration is longer than 2.5 hours then amino acids will contribute small %.
Low intensity (<65% VO2max),
Very long duration >6 hours - ANSWER-Example: Ultra-endurance (and at rest)
-Predominately fat oxidation with contributions from aerobic glycolysis
Muscle glycogen - ANSWER-Constitutes the major carbohydrate source in the body
equivalent to 300-400g or 1,200-1,600 kcal.
Liver glycogen - ANSWER--helps maintain blood glucose levels
75-100g or 300-400 kcal
Blood glucose - ANSWER-70-110 mg/dL
~5 g or 20 kcal
Fatty Acids - ANSWER--Constitute another major fuel source for working muscles.
