3.2.1 Cell structure
cell theory is a unifying concept in biology.
3.2.1.1 Structure of eukaryotic cells
The structure of eukaryotic cells, restricted to the structure and function
of:
cell-surface membrane
● Thin and flexible barrier that surrounds and protects interior of a cell
● made up of lipid bilayer
● consists of two layers of phospholipid molecules
● found in both plant and animal cells
a thin and flexible barrier that surrounds and protects interior
nucleus (containing chromosomes, consisting of protein-bound, linear
DNA, and one or more nucleoli)
● double membrane envelope
● contains 3000 nuclear pores
○ enables molecules to leave and enter
● contains chromatin
● contains nucleolus
○ site of ribosome production
● granular jelly
○ nucleoplasm makes bulk of nucleus
,mitochondria
● oval shaped
● bound by double membrane
○ envelope
● inner membrane
○ folded to form projections
■ cristae
○ matrix
■ inside containing all enzymes needed for respiration
chloroplasts (in plants and algae)
● site of photosynthesis
● inner membrane
● outer membrane
● fluid called stroma
● Thylakoid system
○ network of stacked sacs
■ thylakoids
■ have chlorophyll on outside
■ absorbs light during process of photosynthesis
■ interconnected and suspended in stroma
Golgi apparatus and Golgi vesicles
● fluid-filled
● flattened and curved sacs
● vesicles surrounding edges
● Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins and lipids
● produces lysosomes
lysosomes (a membrane-bound organelle that releases hydrolytic
enzymes)
● vesicles containing digestive enzymes
, ● bound by single membrane
ribosomes
● site of protein production
rough endoplasmic reticulum
● series of flattened sacs
● enclosed by membrane
○ ribosomes on the surface
● folds and processes proteins
○ made on ribosomes
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
● system of membrane-bound sacs
● SER produces and processes lipids
cell wall (in plants, algae and fungi)
● rigid outer covering
● chitin in fungi
● Meurin in prokaryotes
● provide support to cell
cell vacuole (in plants).
● membranous sacs
● store
○ water
○ nutrients
○ waste
cell theory is a unifying concept in biology.
3.2.1.1 Structure of eukaryotic cells
The structure of eukaryotic cells, restricted to the structure and function
of:
cell-surface membrane
● Thin and flexible barrier that surrounds and protects interior of a cell
● made up of lipid bilayer
● consists of two layers of phospholipid molecules
● found in both plant and animal cells
a thin and flexible barrier that surrounds and protects interior
nucleus (containing chromosomes, consisting of protein-bound, linear
DNA, and one or more nucleoli)
● double membrane envelope
● contains 3000 nuclear pores
○ enables molecules to leave and enter
● contains chromatin
● contains nucleolus
○ site of ribosome production
● granular jelly
○ nucleoplasm makes bulk of nucleus
,mitochondria
● oval shaped
● bound by double membrane
○ envelope
● inner membrane
○ folded to form projections
■ cristae
○ matrix
■ inside containing all enzymes needed for respiration
chloroplasts (in plants and algae)
● site of photosynthesis
● inner membrane
● outer membrane
● fluid called stroma
● Thylakoid system
○ network of stacked sacs
■ thylakoids
■ have chlorophyll on outside
■ absorbs light during process of photosynthesis
■ interconnected and suspended in stroma
Golgi apparatus and Golgi vesicles
● fluid-filled
● flattened and curved sacs
● vesicles surrounding edges
● Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins and lipids
● produces lysosomes
lysosomes (a membrane-bound organelle that releases hydrolytic
enzymes)
● vesicles containing digestive enzymes
, ● bound by single membrane
ribosomes
● site of protein production
rough endoplasmic reticulum
● series of flattened sacs
● enclosed by membrane
○ ribosomes on the surface
● folds and processes proteins
○ made on ribosomes
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
● system of membrane-bound sacs
● SER produces and processes lipids
cell wall (in plants, algae and fungi)
● rigid outer covering
● chitin in fungi
● Meurin in prokaryotes
● provide support to cell
cell vacuole (in plants).
● membranous sacs
● store
○ water
○ nutrients
○ waste
