MTLE Elementary Pedagogy UPDATED
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Generativity vs. Stagnation Stage (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - Erikson's SEVENTH
Stage--> Successfully nurturing others and providing legacies brings feelings of accomplishment
and usefulness OR failure, shallow world involvement (Middle Adulthood).
Integrity vs. Despair Stage (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - Erikson's EIGHTH Stage-->
Involves reevaluating what we have done in our lives. If we feel we have done well we have a
sense of integrity, otherwise we experience gloom and doubt. (60 and older).
Piaget's stages of cognitive development (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - 1. sensorimotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational
sensorimotor stage (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - in Piaget's theory, the stage (from
birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their
sensory impressions and motor activities
preoperational stage (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - in Piaget's theory, the stage (from
about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet
comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
concrete operational stage (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - in Piaget's theory, the stage of
cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the
mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
formal operational stage (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - in Piaget's theory, the stage of
cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think
logically about abstract concepts
,Piaget's Theory (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - comes from a cognitive-developmental
perspective and addresses the qualitative changes in children's thought processes from infancy
through adolescence. Piaget proposed that infants are born with sensory and reflexive skills that
they use to engage the environment and ultimately construct mental representations of it. He
proposed four stages, during which children first develop representational abilities and then learn
to manipulate those representations using "operations," which include mental transformations.
Most school-age children have developed what Piaget called concrete operations - they have
moved beyond the preoperational thinking of early childhood (i.e., egocentric, nonlogical) and
can think logically about concrete, real-life objects and events but cannot yet reason abstractly or
think about hypothetical situations.
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - 1. Children's thought
structures develop through interaction with individuals in their environments, informed by the
culture in which they live.
2. They learn the tools for communicating and the norms of behavior.
-These concepts form the basis for later decision-making, reasoning, and other thought
processes.
3. Scaffolding
4. Zone of proximal development (ZPD).
-Tasks above ZPD cannot be completed independently and often cannot be completed even with
scaffolding
-Tasks in the ZPD that are appropriately scaffolded are soon mastered and can be completed
independently.
Zones of Proximal Development (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - (Vygotsky) distance
between what an individaul can accomplish on independently and what he or she can accomplish
with the guidance and encouragement of a more skilled partner (develop quickly or slowly
depends on these zones)
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER -
preconventional, conventional, postconventional
preconventional morality (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - Before age nine--> first level
of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the
consequences of the behavior; self-interested and egocentric
,conventional morality (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - Early adolescence--> second level
of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by
conforming to the society's norms of behavior
postconventional morality (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - Adolescense and Adulthood
(college aged or older)--> third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the
person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual
and that may be in disagreement with accepted social norms
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - Young
children reason preconventionally, making judgments about moral behavior based on the
likelihood of rewards or punishments. School-age children typically reason conventionally,
basing moral judgments on conformity to social norms and a desire to live up to expectations and
follow the rules established by others. Children in this stage of reasoning have not yet developed
their own beliefs about what is right and wrong; according to Kohlberg, that sort of post-
conventional reasoning develops in adolescence or later. Knowing the type of reasoning that
children are likely to use allows educators to provide appropriate explanations and rules and to
help them internalize guidelines for their own behaviors.
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - comes from a
psychodynamic perspective and is based on the idea that individuals experience internal conflicts
at various stages in life, and interaction with others in the environment leads to the resolution of
those conflicts (often called "crises"). The resolution of each crisis results in development of the
person's sense of self (i.e., ego integrity) and interactions with the world in the future. Erikson
proposed eight central crises, beginning with infancy and ending with old age. He argued that
school-age children face tasks that require more individual responsibility, but they also begin to
compare their abilities to those of their peers and the outcomes of their efforts to the expectations
of parents/guardians and teachers. Their classroom and play activities require self-discipline as
their focus shifts from free play to organized games and interactions with rules. Some develop a
strong sense of industry; they feel that they can master new tasks and complete challenges
successfully. Others resolve this conflict on the side of inferiority; they feel that their efforts or
their outcomes are inadequate. Critical to understanding Erikson's theory is the idea that all
conflicts are ultimately resolved one way or the other (e.g., in favor of industry or in favor of
inferiority), and the outcome of each then influences how the person tackles the next crisis.
*However*, individuals continue to revisit the issues in later stages of life.
, Erikson's Psychosocial Stages (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - A theory of eight stages of
social development throughout the lifespan. These include:
1. trust vs. mistrust
2. autonomy vs. doubt and shame
3. initiative vs. guilt
4. competence vs. inferiority
5. identity vs. role confusion
6. intimacy vs. isolation
7. generativity vs. stagnation
8. integrity vs. despair.
Trust vs. Mistrust stage (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - Erikson's FIRST Stage--> stage
in the first year of life, where infants decide whether the world is friendly or hostile. They decide
depending on whether they can trust that their basic needs will be met. If successful, the result is
trust and hopefulness. (0 to 1 years)
Autonomy vs. Doubt and Shame Stage (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - Erikson's
SECOND Stage--> Children/babies realize that they can control bodily functions; self-controlled
will is integrated into the personality. (2 to 4 years).
Initiative vs. Guilt Stage (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - Erikson's THIRD Stage-->
Children find independence in planning, playing and other activities. (3 to 6 years).
Competence vs. Inferiority Stage (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - Erikson's FOURTH
Stage--> Elementary school aged
children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior. (6 years to
puberty).
Identity vs. Role Confusion Stage (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - Erikson's FIFTH
Stage--> People try to answer the question, "who am I?" but are confused as to which of many
possible roles to adopt. (Adolescence).
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Generativity vs. Stagnation Stage (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - Erikson's SEVENTH
Stage--> Successfully nurturing others and providing legacies brings feelings of accomplishment
and usefulness OR failure, shallow world involvement (Middle Adulthood).
Integrity vs. Despair Stage (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - Erikson's EIGHTH Stage-->
Involves reevaluating what we have done in our lives. If we feel we have done well we have a
sense of integrity, otherwise we experience gloom and doubt. (60 and older).
Piaget's stages of cognitive development (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - 1. sensorimotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational
sensorimotor stage (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - in Piaget's theory, the stage (from
birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their
sensory impressions and motor activities
preoperational stage (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - in Piaget's theory, the stage (from
about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet
comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
concrete operational stage (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - in Piaget's theory, the stage of
cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the
mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
formal operational stage (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - in Piaget's theory, the stage of
cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think
logically about abstract concepts
,Piaget's Theory (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - comes from a cognitive-developmental
perspective and addresses the qualitative changes in children's thought processes from infancy
through adolescence. Piaget proposed that infants are born with sensory and reflexive skills that
they use to engage the environment and ultimately construct mental representations of it. He
proposed four stages, during which children first develop representational abilities and then learn
to manipulate those representations using "operations," which include mental transformations.
Most school-age children have developed what Piaget called concrete operations - they have
moved beyond the preoperational thinking of early childhood (i.e., egocentric, nonlogical) and
can think logically about concrete, real-life objects and events but cannot yet reason abstractly or
think about hypothetical situations.
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - 1. Children's thought
structures develop through interaction with individuals in their environments, informed by the
culture in which they live.
2. They learn the tools for communicating and the norms of behavior.
-These concepts form the basis for later decision-making, reasoning, and other thought
processes.
3. Scaffolding
4. Zone of proximal development (ZPD).
-Tasks above ZPD cannot be completed independently and often cannot be completed even with
scaffolding
-Tasks in the ZPD that are appropriately scaffolded are soon mastered and can be completed
independently.
Zones of Proximal Development (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - (Vygotsky) distance
between what an individaul can accomplish on independently and what he or she can accomplish
with the guidance and encouragement of a more skilled partner (develop quickly or slowly
depends on these zones)
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER -
preconventional, conventional, postconventional
preconventional morality (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - Before age nine--> first level
of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the
consequences of the behavior; self-interested and egocentric
,conventional morality (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - Early adolescence--> second level
of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by
conforming to the society's norms of behavior
postconventional morality (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - Adolescense and Adulthood
(college aged or older)--> third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the
person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual
and that may be in disagreement with accepted social norms
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - Young
children reason preconventionally, making judgments about moral behavior based on the
likelihood of rewards or punishments. School-age children typically reason conventionally,
basing moral judgments on conformity to social norms and a desire to live up to expectations and
follow the rules established by others. Children in this stage of reasoning have not yet developed
their own beliefs about what is right and wrong; according to Kohlberg, that sort of post-
conventional reasoning develops in adolescence or later. Knowing the type of reasoning that
children are likely to use allows educators to provide appropriate explanations and rules and to
help them internalize guidelines for their own behaviors.
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - comes from a
psychodynamic perspective and is based on the idea that individuals experience internal conflicts
at various stages in life, and interaction with others in the environment leads to the resolution of
those conflicts (often called "crises"). The resolution of each crisis results in development of the
person's sense of self (i.e., ego integrity) and interactions with the world in the future. Erikson
proposed eight central crises, beginning with infancy and ending with old age. He argued that
school-age children face tasks that require more individual responsibility, but they also begin to
compare their abilities to those of their peers and the outcomes of their efforts to the expectations
of parents/guardians and teachers. Their classroom and play activities require self-discipline as
their focus shifts from free play to organized games and interactions with rules. Some develop a
strong sense of industry; they feel that they can master new tasks and complete challenges
successfully. Others resolve this conflict on the side of inferiority; they feel that their efforts or
their outcomes are inadequate. Critical to understanding Erikson's theory is the idea that all
conflicts are ultimately resolved one way or the other (e.g., in favor of industry or in favor of
inferiority), and the outcome of each then influences how the person tackles the next crisis.
*However*, individuals continue to revisit the issues in later stages of life.
, Erikson's Psychosocial Stages (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - A theory of eight stages of
social development throughout the lifespan. These include:
1. trust vs. mistrust
2. autonomy vs. doubt and shame
3. initiative vs. guilt
4. competence vs. inferiority
5. identity vs. role confusion
6. intimacy vs. isolation
7. generativity vs. stagnation
8. integrity vs. despair.
Trust vs. Mistrust stage (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - Erikson's FIRST Stage--> stage
in the first year of life, where infants decide whether the world is friendly or hostile. They decide
depending on whether they can trust that their basic needs will be met. If successful, the result is
trust and hopefulness. (0 to 1 years)
Autonomy vs. Doubt and Shame Stage (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - Erikson's
SECOND Stage--> Children/babies realize that they can control bodily functions; self-controlled
will is integrated into the personality. (2 to 4 years).
Initiative vs. Guilt Stage (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - Erikson's THIRD Stage-->
Children find independence in planning, playing and other activities. (3 to 6 years).
Competence vs. Inferiority Stage (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - Erikson's FOURTH
Stage--> Elementary school aged
children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior. (6 years to
puberty).
Identity vs. Role Confusion Stage (Ch. 1) - CORRECT ANSWER - Erikson's FIFTH
Stage--> People try to answer the question, "who am I?" but are confused as to which of many
possible roles to adopt. (Adolescence).
