COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
LECTURE NOTES
Year : 2020 -2021
Subject : C Programming
Prepared By : Rajesh Pandey
1
, UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
COMPUTER SYSTEMS
―A Computer is an electronic device that stores, manipulates and retrieves the data.‖ We
can also refer computer computes the information supplied to it and generates data.
A System is a group of several objects with a process. For Example: Educational System
involves teacher, students (objects). Teacher teaches subject to students i.e., teaching (process).
Similarly a computer system can have objects andprocess.
The following are the objects of computer System
a) User ( A person who uses thecomputer)
b) Hardware
c) Software
Hardware: Hardware of a computer system can be referred as anything which we can touchand
feel. Example : Keyboard andMouse.
The hardware of a computer system can be classified as
Input Devices(I/P)
Processing Devices (CPU)
Output Devices(O/P)
KEYBOARD ALU, MONITO
CU, MU R
CPU
INPUT OUTPU
T
ALU: It performs the Arithmetic and Logical Operations such as
+,-,*,/ (Arithmetic Operators)
&&, || ( LogicalOperators)
CU: Every Operation such as storing , computing and retrieving the data should be governed by
the control unit.
2
,MU: The Memory unit is used for storing the data.
The Memory unit is classified into two types.
Theyare 1) PrimaryMemory
2) Secondary Memory
Primary memory: The following are the types of memoruies which are treated as primary
ROM: It represents Read Only Memory that stores data and instructions even when the computer
is turned off. The Contents in the ROM can‘t be modified once if they are written . It is used to
store the BIOSinformation.
RAM: It represents Random Access Memory that stores data and instructions when the computer
is turned on. The contents in the RAM can be modified any no. of times by instructions. It is
used to store the programs underexecution.
Cache memory: It is used to store the data and instructions referred by processor.
Secondary Memory: The following are the different kinds of memories
Magnetic Storage: The Magnetic Storage devices store information that can be read, erased and
rewritten a number of times.
Example: Floppy Disks, Hard Disks, Magnetic Tapes
Optical Storage: The optical storage devices that use laser beams to read and write storeddata.
Example: CD(Compact Disk),DVD(Digital VersatileDisk)
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Software of a computer system can be referred as anything which we can feel andsee.
Example: Windows,icons
Computer software is divided in to two broad categories: system software and application
software .System software manages the computer resources .It provides the interface between the
hardware and the users. Application software, on the other hand is directly responsible for
helping users solve their problems.
System Software
System software consists of programs that manage the hardware resources of a computer and
perform required information processing tasks. These programs are divided into three classes:
the operating system, system support, and systemdevelopment.
3
, The operating system provides services such as a user interface, file and database access, and
interfaces to communication systems such as Internet protocols. The primary purpose of this
software is to keep the system operating in an efficient manner while allowing the users access to
the system.
System support software provides system utilities and other operating services. Examples of
system utilities are sort programs and disk format programs. Operating services consists of
programs that provide performance statistics for the operational staff and security monitors to
protect the system and data.
The last system software category, system development software, includes the language
translators that convert programs into machine language for execution ,debugging tools to ensure
that the programs are error free and computer –assisted software engineering(CASE) systems.
Application software
Application software is broken in to two classes: general-purpose software and application –
specific software. General purpose software is purchased from a software developer and can be
used for more than one application. Examples of general purpose software include word
processors, database management systems ,and computer aided design systems. They are labeled
general purpose because they can solve a variety of user computing problems.
Application –specific software can be used only for its intended purpose.
A general ledger system used by accountants and a material requirements planning system used
by a manufacturing organization are examples of application-specific software. They can be used
only for the task for which they were designed they cannot be used for other generalized tasks.
The relationship between system and application software is shown below. In this figure, each
circle represents an interface point .The inner core is hard ware. The user is represented by the
out layer. To work with the system, the typical user uses some form of application software. The
application software in turn interacts with the operating system, which is a part of the system
software layer. The system software provides the direct interaction with the hard ware. The
opening at the bottom of the figure is the path followed by the user who interacts directly with
the operating system whennecessary.
4
LECTURE NOTES
Year : 2020 -2021
Subject : C Programming
Prepared By : Rajesh Pandey
1
, UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
COMPUTER SYSTEMS
―A Computer is an electronic device that stores, manipulates and retrieves the data.‖ We
can also refer computer computes the information supplied to it and generates data.
A System is a group of several objects with a process. For Example: Educational System
involves teacher, students (objects). Teacher teaches subject to students i.e., teaching (process).
Similarly a computer system can have objects andprocess.
The following are the objects of computer System
a) User ( A person who uses thecomputer)
b) Hardware
c) Software
Hardware: Hardware of a computer system can be referred as anything which we can touchand
feel. Example : Keyboard andMouse.
The hardware of a computer system can be classified as
Input Devices(I/P)
Processing Devices (CPU)
Output Devices(O/P)
KEYBOARD ALU, MONITO
CU, MU R
CPU
INPUT OUTPU
T
ALU: It performs the Arithmetic and Logical Operations such as
+,-,*,/ (Arithmetic Operators)
&&, || ( LogicalOperators)
CU: Every Operation such as storing , computing and retrieving the data should be governed by
the control unit.
2
,MU: The Memory unit is used for storing the data.
The Memory unit is classified into two types.
Theyare 1) PrimaryMemory
2) Secondary Memory
Primary memory: The following are the types of memoruies which are treated as primary
ROM: It represents Read Only Memory that stores data and instructions even when the computer
is turned off. The Contents in the ROM can‘t be modified once if they are written . It is used to
store the BIOSinformation.
RAM: It represents Random Access Memory that stores data and instructions when the computer
is turned on. The contents in the RAM can be modified any no. of times by instructions. It is
used to store the programs underexecution.
Cache memory: It is used to store the data and instructions referred by processor.
Secondary Memory: The following are the different kinds of memories
Magnetic Storage: The Magnetic Storage devices store information that can be read, erased and
rewritten a number of times.
Example: Floppy Disks, Hard Disks, Magnetic Tapes
Optical Storage: The optical storage devices that use laser beams to read and write storeddata.
Example: CD(Compact Disk),DVD(Digital VersatileDisk)
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Software of a computer system can be referred as anything which we can feel andsee.
Example: Windows,icons
Computer software is divided in to two broad categories: system software and application
software .System software manages the computer resources .It provides the interface between the
hardware and the users. Application software, on the other hand is directly responsible for
helping users solve their problems.
System Software
System software consists of programs that manage the hardware resources of a computer and
perform required information processing tasks. These programs are divided into three classes:
the operating system, system support, and systemdevelopment.
3
, The operating system provides services such as a user interface, file and database access, and
interfaces to communication systems such as Internet protocols. The primary purpose of this
software is to keep the system operating in an efficient manner while allowing the users access to
the system.
System support software provides system utilities and other operating services. Examples of
system utilities are sort programs and disk format programs. Operating services consists of
programs that provide performance statistics for the operational staff and security monitors to
protect the system and data.
The last system software category, system development software, includes the language
translators that convert programs into machine language for execution ,debugging tools to ensure
that the programs are error free and computer –assisted software engineering(CASE) systems.
Application software
Application software is broken in to two classes: general-purpose software and application –
specific software. General purpose software is purchased from a software developer and can be
used for more than one application. Examples of general purpose software include word
processors, database management systems ,and computer aided design systems. They are labeled
general purpose because they can solve a variety of user computing problems.
Application –specific software can be used only for its intended purpose.
A general ledger system used by accountants and a material requirements planning system used
by a manufacturing organization are examples of application-specific software. They can be used
only for the task for which they were designed they cannot be used for other generalized tasks.
The relationship between system and application software is shown below. In this figure, each
circle represents an interface point .The inner core is hard ware. The user is represented by the
out layer. To work with the system, the typical user uses some form of application software. The
application software in turn interacts with the operating system, which is a part of the system
software layer. The system software provides the direct interaction with the hard ware. The
opening at the bottom of the figure is the path followed by the user who interacts directly with
the operating system whennecessary.
4
