NU 545 UNIT 1 EXAM STUDY
GUIDE / 110 + QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS 2025/2026
LATEST GUIDE.
,1. What is metabolic absorption?CORRECT ANSWER The uptake and use of nutrients and other substances
from the cells surrounds (pg. 3).
2. What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an oxidative reaction?CORRECT ANSWER Per- oxisomes contain
enzymes to use o2 to remove H atoms. This produces hydrogen peroixide. (pg 8)
3. During cell injury what is released that is capable of cellular autodigestion?-
CORRECT ANSWER Lysosomes aid in cellular digestion, seen as "trash cans and recycling agents" "as cells complete
their life span and die, lysosomes digest...the debris... Lysosomes involved in this process of autodigestion are called
autolysosomes or autophagomes (pg 7-8).
4. Where is the genetic info contained in the cell?CORRECT ANSWER The nucleus contains the Nucleolus, a
small dense structure composed of RNA, DNA, DNA protein. Pg 3.
5. Cell membranes contain which major chemical components?CORRECT ANSWER "The main components of
cell membranes are lipids and proteins. The basic structure of cell membranes is the lipid bilayer..." pg 12
6. What allows potassium to diffuse in and out of cells?CORRECT ANSWER Diffusion is the move- ment of a
solute molecule from and area of greater solute concentration to an area of lesser solute concentration. (pg. 29). Active
transport of K+ and Na+ requires a Sodium-Potassium Pump (pg. 31).
7. How is the cell protected from injury?CORRECT ANSWER Plasma membrane pg 12 table 1.1 (functions of
membrane).
8. In cirrhosis, what does cholesterol have to do with the erythrocytes?CORRECT ANSWER causes a decrease in
membrane fluidity and affects the cells' ability to transport oxygen
9. What is platelet-derived growth factor?CORRECT ANSWER PDGF stimulates proliferation of con- nective
tissue cells and neuroglial cells. Can help with creating blood clots. Pg 38.
10. What is cell communication? How does it occur?CORRECT ANSWER Cells need to communi- cate w/ each
other to maintain a stable internal environment, or homeostasis; to regulate growth and division... it is done by 3 main
ways. 1) they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptors) that affect the cell itself and other cells in
direct physical contact. 2) they affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter the cell
to bind w/ them. 3) they form protein channels that directly coordinate the activities of the adjacent cells. Pg 19.
11. What is chemical signaling?CORRECT ANSWER Primary means of cell-to-cell communication. 5 forms of
signaling mediated by secreted moleculesCORRECT ANSWER (1) Contact-dependent signaling requires cells to be in
close membrane-membrane contact; (2) Paracrine signaling- cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly
absorbed, destroyed, or immobilized; (3) Autocrine signaling- cells produce signals that they, themselves, respond to
(cancer cells); (4) Hormonal signaling involves specialized endocrine cells that secrete chemicals called hormones (TSH).
Hormones are released by one
, set of cells and travel through the tissue and through the bloodstream to produce a response in other sets of cells; (5)
Neurohormonal signaling- hormones are released into the blood by neurosecretory neurons. (p.19)
12. How is glucose transported from the blood to the cell?CORRECT ANSWER Pancreatic cells secrete and
release insulin to signal muscle cells to absorb sugar from the blood for energy. (p.3)
13. Understand the transportation of potassium and sodium across plasma membranesCORRECT ANSWER
The Na+ -K+ antiport system (Na+ moving out of the cell and K+ moving into the cell) uses the direct energy of ATP to
move these cations. The trans- porter protein is the enzyme adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). Approximately 60% to
70% of the ATP synthesized by cells is used to maintain the Na+-K+ transport system. 1, three Na+ ions bind to sodium-
binding sites on the carrier's interface. 2, at the same time, an energy- containing adenosine triphosphate molecule produced
by the cell's mitochondria bind to the carrier. The ATP disassociates, transferring its stored energy to the carrier. 3 and 4,
the carrier then changes shape, releases the three Na+ ions to the outside of the cell, and attracts two potassium ions to its
potassium- binding site. 5, the carrier then returns to its original shape, releasing the two K+ ions and the remnant of the
ATP molecule to the inside of the cell. The carrier is now ready for another pumping cycle (p.31)
14. What is active transport?CORRECT ANSWER requires life, biologic activity, and the cell's expen-
diture of metabolic energy. Unlike passive transport, active transport occurs across only living membranes that have to
drive the flow "uphill" by coupling it to an energy source (p. 28)
15. What are cytokines?CORRECT ANSWER Growth factor, also called cytokines, stimulate an in- crease in cell
mass or cell growth by promoting the synthesis of proteins and other macromolecules and inhibiting their degradation (p.
38)
Cytokines constitute a large family of small-molecular-weight soluble intracellu- lar-signaling molecules that are
secreted, bind to a specific cell membrane recep-
tors, and regulate innate or adaptive immunity; either proinflammatory or anti-inflam- matory. Majority of important
cytokines are classified as interleukins or interferons (p. 201)
16. Do all cells continue to replicate and divide?CORRECT ANSWER No. For example, most of the neurons and
skeletal muscle cells are in a terminally differentiated G0 state; with their cell cycle control system disassembled, the
molecular regulatory switches become permanently turned off and cell division rarely occurs (p. 37)
17. When normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining are replaced by stratified squamous
epithelial cells, the process is called?CORRECT ANSWER - Bronchial metaplasia (p. 49)
GUIDE / 110 + QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS 2025/2026
LATEST GUIDE.
,1. What is metabolic absorption?CORRECT ANSWER The uptake and use of nutrients and other substances
from the cells surrounds (pg. 3).
2. What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an oxidative reaction?CORRECT ANSWER Per- oxisomes contain
enzymes to use o2 to remove H atoms. This produces hydrogen peroixide. (pg 8)
3. During cell injury what is released that is capable of cellular autodigestion?-
CORRECT ANSWER Lysosomes aid in cellular digestion, seen as "trash cans and recycling agents" "as cells complete
their life span and die, lysosomes digest...the debris... Lysosomes involved in this process of autodigestion are called
autolysosomes or autophagomes (pg 7-8).
4. Where is the genetic info contained in the cell?CORRECT ANSWER The nucleus contains the Nucleolus, a
small dense structure composed of RNA, DNA, DNA protein. Pg 3.
5. Cell membranes contain which major chemical components?CORRECT ANSWER "The main components of
cell membranes are lipids and proteins. The basic structure of cell membranes is the lipid bilayer..." pg 12
6. What allows potassium to diffuse in and out of cells?CORRECT ANSWER Diffusion is the move- ment of a
solute molecule from and area of greater solute concentration to an area of lesser solute concentration. (pg. 29). Active
transport of K+ and Na+ requires a Sodium-Potassium Pump (pg. 31).
7. How is the cell protected from injury?CORRECT ANSWER Plasma membrane pg 12 table 1.1 (functions of
membrane).
8. In cirrhosis, what does cholesterol have to do with the erythrocytes?CORRECT ANSWER causes a decrease in
membrane fluidity and affects the cells' ability to transport oxygen
9. What is platelet-derived growth factor?CORRECT ANSWER PDGF stimulates proliferation of con- nective
tissue cells and neuroglial cells. Can help with creating blood clots. Pg 38.
10. What is cell communication? How does it occur?CORRECT ANSWER Cells need to communi- cate w/ each
other to maintain a stable internal environment, or homeostasis; to regulate growth and division... it is done by 3 main
ways. 1) they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptors) that affect the cell itself and other cells in
direct physical contact. 2) they affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter the cell
to bind w/ them. 3) they form protein channels that directly coordinate the activities of the adjacent cells. Pg 19.
11. What is chemical signaling?CORRECT ANSWER Primary means of cell-to-cell communication. 5 forms of
signaling mediated by secreted moleculesCORRECT ANSWER (1) Contact-dependent signaling requires cells to be in
close membrane-membrane contact; (2) Paracrine signaling- cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly
absorbed, destroyed, or immobilized; (3) Autocrine signaling- cells produce signals that they, themselves, respond to
(cancer cells); (4) Hormonal signaling involves specialized endocrine cells that secrete chemicals called hormones (TSH).
Hormones are released by one
, set of cells and travel through the tissue and through the bloodstream to produce a response in other sets of cells; (5)
Neurohormonal signaling- hormones are released into the blood by neurosecretory neurons. (p.19)
12. How is glucose transported from the blood to the cell?CORRECT ANSWER Pancreatic cells secrete and
release insulin to signal muscle cells to absorb sugar from the blood for energy. (p.3)
13. Understand the transportation of potassium and sodium across plasma membranesCORRECT ANSWER
The Na+ -K+ antiport system (Na+ moving out of the cell and K+ moving into the cell) uses the direct energy of ATP to
move these cations. The trans- porter protein is the enzyme adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). Approximately 60% to
70% of the ATP synthesized by cells is used to maintain the Na+-K+ transport system. 1, three Na+ ions bind to sodium-
binding sites on the carrier's interface. 2, at the same time, an energy- containing adenosine triphosphate molecule produced
by the cell's mitochondria bind to the carrier. The ATP disassociates, transferring its stored energy to the carrier. 3 and 4,
the carrier then changes shape, releases the three Na+ ions to the outside of the cell, and attracts two potassium ions to its
potassium- binding site. 5, the carrier then returns to its original shape, releasing the two K+ ions and the remnant of the
ATP molecule to the inside of the cell. The carrier is now ready for another pumping cycle (p.31)
14. What is active transport?CORRECT ANSWER requires life, biologic activity, and the cell's expen-
diture of metabolic energy. Unlike passive transport, active transport occurs across only living membranes that have to
drive the flow "uphill" by coupling it to an energy source (p. 28)
15. What are cytokines?CORRECT ANSWER Growth factor, also called cytokines, stimulate an in- crease in cell
mass or cell growth by promoting the synthesis of proteins and other macromolecules and inhibiting their degradation (p.
38)
Cytokines constitute a large family of small-molecular-weight soluble intracellu- lar-signaling molecules that are
secreted, bind to a specific cell membrane recep-
tors, and regulate innate or adaptive immunity; either proinflammatory or anti-inflam- matory. Majority of important
cytokines are classified as interleukins or interferons (p. 201)
16. Do all cells continue to replicate and divide?CORRECT ANSWER No. For example, most of the neurons and
skeletal muscle cells are in a terminally differentiated G0 state; with their cell cycle control system disassembled, the
molecular regulatory switches become permanently turned off and cell division rarely occurs (p. 37)
17. When normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining are replaced by stratified squamous
epithelial cells, the process is called?CORRECT ANSWER - Bronchial metaplasia (p. 49)
