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Sumario Tema 3 - Comportamiento mecánico de las rocas

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1. Teorías de microfisuración 2. Comportamiento de las rocas a compresión 3. Criterios de roturas 4. Ensayos de diferentes propiedades

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January 23, 2025
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2013/2014
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MECÁNICA DE ROCAS TEMA 3




TEMA 3
EL COMPORTAMIENTO MECÁNICO
DE LAS ROCAS
3.1 – TEORÍAS DE MICROFISURACIÓN
Teoría de Griffith:
Explica el hecho de que la resistencia a tracción de la roca, considerada material frágil, sea inferior a
la que teóricamente debería tener, considerando las fuerzas de cohesión internas,
Dentro de la roca existen microfracturas similares a elipses de gran excentricidad de orientación ar-
bitraria. Cuando se producen esfuerzos de compresión perpendiculares a una fisura de estas, dan lu-
gar a tracciones en los bordes de la mina que alcanzarán un valor:
ρ: Radio de curvatura.
𝐚
σmáx = 2 · σ1 · √ 2 · a: Longitud de la fisura.
𝛒
σ1: Tensión vertical.

3.2 – COMPORTAMIENTO DE LAS ROCAS A COMPRESIÓN
Se distinguen tres tipos de compresión en las rocas:
- Compresión simple o uniaxial: Si no existe confinamiento lateral.
- Compresión triaxial: Si existe confinamiento lateral.
- Ensayos verdaderamente triaxiales: Las tensiones son diferentes en las tres tensiones principales.

DEFORMACIÓN:
Magnitud adimensional, se suele medir:
- Deformación axial o longitudinal → ε1 = ΔL/L.
- Deformación radial o transversal → ε3 = ΔR/R.

𝛔𝐂𝟏 : Umbral de cierre de fisuras.
𝛔𝐅𝟏 : La deformación axial y la volumé-
trica dejan de ser estables.
𝛔𝐃𝟏 : Límite de propagación estable e
inestables de la fisuración.
𝛔𝐌
𝟏 : Resistencia máxima.

𝛔𝐑𝟏 : Resistencia residual.
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