PSYC-140 FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Longitudinal study design -- Answer ✔✔ following individuals over a
long period of time with multiple assessment points
Cross-sectional study -- Answer ✔✔ comparing different age groups at
the same time
Naturalistic observation -- Answer ✔✔ research method in which one
observes a subject outside of a research setting
Case study -- Answer ✔✔ research method involving a direct
observation of a patient; interviewing in great detail
Study/interview -- Answer ✔✔ research method in which surveys
administered anonymously or asked in an interview format in-person
Correlational research -- Answer ✔✔ research method of seeing how
two variables relate; looking at strength and direction of relationship
Experiments -- Answer ✔✔ research method in which you tightly
control the variables, setting, and participants which manipulating one
factor believed to have influence.
Hawthorne effect -- Answer ✔✔ A change in a subject's behavior
caused simply by the awareness of being studied
What are the five research methods discussed in this module? --
Answer ✔✔ - naturalistic observation
,- case study
- study/interview
- correlational research
- experiments
Three types of prenatal diagnostic tests -- Answer ✔✔ ultrasound,
amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling (CVA)
Ultrasound -- Answer ✔✔ prenatal diagnostic technique that uses high
frequency sounds to create an image of the baby
Amniocentesis -- Answer ✔✔ Prenatal diagnostic technique involving
needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for
analysis; looks for chromosomal and genetic abnormalities
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) -- Answer ✔✔ Prenatal diagnostic
technique in which a small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta
is removed for analysis to detect certain genetic and congenital
defects in the fetus.
What are the three types of genetic-environment interactions? --
Answer ✔✔ passive, evocative, and active
Passive genotype-environment interaction -- Answer ✔✔ parents
provide genetic disposition and nurturing context to foster certain
qualities
Evocative genotype-environment interaction -- Answer ✔✔ parents
provide genetic predisposition for a child to evoke certain reactions in
others that will influence their development
Active genotype-environment interaction -- Answer ✔✔ parents provide
genetic predisposition that results in a child actively seeking out
environmental conditions that foster development of certain qualities
Three periods of neonatal development -- Answer ✔✔ germinal,
embryonic, and fetal
,Germinal period -- Answer ✔✔ week 0-2
Zygote created, attaches to uterus wall
Embryonic period -- Answer ✔✔ week 2-8
Layers of cells form that later develop into organs and systems
Fetal period -- Answer ✔✔ month 2-9
Major growth and development
Teratogens -- Answer ✔✔ agents that interfere with natural growth and
produce a birth defect
Which three variables determine a teratogen's effect? -- Answer ✔✔ -
gestational age
- amount of teratogen
- susceptibility
When does organogenesis begin? -- Answer ✔✔ Around week 3
through week 8
Why is stress a teratogen? -- Answer ✔✔ stress causes blood to be
directed away from fetus and towards mother's brain, limbs, heart.
Cortisol can cross placenta and increase fetal HR
Why is cognitive development more susceptible? -- Answer ✔✔ brain
develops all throughout pregnancy
What are the three phases of childbirth? -- Answer ✔✔ - early & active
labor
- delivery of baby
- delivery of the placenta
Early labor and active labor -- Answer ✔✔ - longest stage
- starts at onset of true labor
- ends when cervix completely dilated
- 30-45 sec contractions w 5-30 min between
, - 45-60 sec contractions w 3-5 min between
- amniotic sac may rupture
Delivery of baby -- Answer ✔✔ - begins when cervix dilated
- 20 min-2 hrs.
Delivery of placenta -- Answer ✔✔ - 5-10 min
- contractions again
- placenta separates from uterine wall
Three drugs used in childbirth -- Answer ✔✔ analgesia, anesthesia,
oxytocics
Analgesia vs Anesthesia -- Answer ✔✔ drugs that relieve pain; includes
narcotics, tranquilizers, and barbiturates
Anesthesia -- Answer ✔✔ drugs that blocks pain, can be general or
epidural
Oxytocics -- Answer ✔✔ drugs that stimulate contractions and induce
labor
Postpartum biological adjustments -- Answer ✔✔ involution, sleep
adjustments, physical healing
Postpartum psychological adjustments -- Answer ✔✔ coordinating
schedules, readjusting social relationships, bonding with baby
Pros and cons of naturalistic observation -- Answer ✔✔ pro: can
observe natural behavior
Con: can only study what you can see
Pros and cons of case study -- Answer ✔✔ pro: rich and detailed info,
especially in a rare case
Con: may not be applicable to other cases
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Longitudinal study design -- Answer ✔✔ following individuals over a
long period of time with multiple assessment points
Cross-sectional study -- Answer ✔✔ comparing different age groups at
the same time
Naturalistic observation -- Answer ✔✔ research method in which one
observes a subject outside of a research setting
Case study -- Answer ✔✔ research method involving a direct
observation of a patient; interviewing in great detail
Study/interview -- Answer ✔✔ research method in which surveys
administered anonymously or asked in an interview format in-person
Correlational research -- Answer ✔✔ research method of seeing how
two variables relate; looking at strength and direction of relationship
Experiments -- Answer ✔✔ research method in which you tightly
control the variables, setting, and participants which manipulating one
factor believed to have influence.
Hawthorne effect -- Answer ✔✔ A change in a subject's behavior
caused simply by the awareness of being studied
What are the five research methods discussed in this module? --
Answer ✔✔ - naturalistic observation
,- case study
- study/interview
- correlational research
- experiments
Three types of prenatal diagnostic tests -- Answer ✔✔ ultrasound,
amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling (CVA)
Ultrasound -- Answer ✔✔ prenatal diagnostic technique that uses high
frequency sounds to create an image of the baby
Amniocentesis -- Answer ✔✔ Prenatal diagnostic technique involving
needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for
analysis; looks for chromosomal and genetic abnormalities
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) -- Answer ✔✔ Prenatal diagnostic
technique in which a small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta
is removed for analysis to detect certain genetic and congenital
defects in the fetus.
What are the three types of genetic-environment interactions? --
Answer ✔✔ passive, evocative, and active
Passive genotype-environment interaction -- Answer ✔✔ parents
provide genetic disposition and nurturing context to foster certain
qualities
Evocative genotype-environment interaction -- Answer ✔✔ parents
provide genetic predisposition for a child to evoke certain reactions in
others that will influence their development
Active genotype-environment interaction -- Answer ✔✔ parents provide
genetic predisposition that results in a child actively seeking out
environmental conditions that foster development of certain qualities
Three periods of neonatal development -- Answer ✔✔ germinal,
embryonic, and fetal
,Germinal period -- Answer ✔✔ week 0-2
Zygote created, attaches to uterus wall
Embryonic period -- Answer ✔✔ week 2-8
Layers of cells form that later develop into organs and systems
Fetal period -- Answer ✔✔ month 2-9
Major growth and development
Teratogens -- Answer ✔✔ agents that interfere with natural growth and
produce a birth defect
Which three variables determine a teratogen's effect? -- Answer ✔✔ -
gestational age
- amount of teratogen
- susceptibility
When does organogenesis begin? -- Answer ✔✔ Around week 3
through week 8
Why is stress a teratogen? -- Answer ✔✔ stress causes blood to be
directed away from fetus and towards mother's brain, limbs, heart.
Cortisol can cross placenta and increase fetal HR
Why is cognitive development more susceptible? -- Answer ✔✔ brain
develops all throughout pregnancy
What are the three phases of childbirth? -- Answer ✔✔ - early & active
labor
- delivery of baby
- delivery of the placenta
Early labor and active labor -- Answer ✔✔ - longest stage
- starts at onset of true labor
- ends when cervix completely dilated
- 30-45 sec contractions w 5-30 min between
, - 45-60 sec contractions w 3-5 min between
- amniotic sac may rupture
Delivery of baby -- Answer ✔✔ - begins when cervix dilated
- 20 min-2 hrs.
Delivery of placenta -- Answer ✔✔ - 5-10 min
- contractions again
- placenta separates from uterine wall
Three drugs used in childbirth -- Answer ✔✔ analgesia, anesthesia,
oxytocics
Analgesia vs Anesthesia -- Answer ✔✔ drugs that relieve pain; includes
narcotics, tranquilizers, and barbiturates
Anesthesia -- Answer ✔✔ drugs that blocks pain, can be general or
epidural
Oxytocics -- Answer ✔✔ drugs that stimulate contractions and induce
labor
Postpartum biological adjustments -- Answer ✔✔ involution, sleep
adjustments, physical healing
Postpartum psychological adjustments -- Answer ✔✔ coordinating
schedules, readjusting social relationships, bonding with baby
Pros and cons of naturalistic observation -- Answer ✔✔ pro: can
observe natural behavior
Con: can only study what you can see
Pros and cons of case study -- Answer ✔✔ pro: rich and detailed info,
especially in a rare case
Con: may not be applicable to other cases
