Clinical Psychology Exam 1
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS(RATED A+)
"Clinical psychology" first used - ANSWER•1907 by Lightner Witmer
•Originally defined as similar to medicine, education, and sociology
Witmer was the first - ANSWERoperate a psychological clinic.
a. the first clients were
- children with behavioral or educational problems.
B. According to Witmer's definition, a clinical psychologist was a person
- whose work with others involved aspects of
1. treatment: method
2. education: Psych. education ( educate that person about diagnosis).
3. interpersonal issues: The relationship between the psychologist and person is
very important. It is critical for the relationship.
Miller and wonpo suggest that - ANSWERthe relationship between patient and
psychologist is the single best indicator if patient will get better.
Recent definitions
More Recent Definitions of Clinical psychology - ANSWER- Tremendous growth has
resulted in a very broad, hard-to-define field
A.Brief definitions emphasize the study, assessment, and treatment of people with
psychological problems
B. More detailed definitions (e.g., Division 12 of APA) are more inclusive and
descriptive
Concise definitions fall short of capturing the field in its entirety. Contemporary
clinical psychologists do many different things, with many different goals, for many
different people.
APA Division 12 Definition of Clinical Psychology - ANSWER"The field of Clinical
Psychology integrates science, theory, and practice to understand, predict, and
alleviate maladjustment, disability, and discomfort as well as to promote human
adaptation, adjustment, and personal development. Clinical Psychology focuses on
the intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behavioral aspects
of human functioning across the life span, in varying cultures, and at all
socioeconomic levels." (APA, 2012)
- An accurate, comprehensive, contemporary definition of clinical psychology needs
to be more inclusive and descriptive, such as that provided by the APA.
- The field and practitioners of clinical psychology continue to outgrow classical
definitions.
Comparison of PsyD and PhD - ANSWERA. PhD
- Emphasize practice and research
- Smaller classes
,- Lower acceptance rate
-Typically in university departments
-Offer more funding to students
- Greater success in placing students in APA-accredited internships
B. PsyD
- Emphasize practice over research
-Larger classes
-Greater acceptance rate
-Often in free-standing professional schools
-Offer less funding to students
-Less success in placing students in APA-accredited internships
Education and Training in Clinical Psychology - ANSWERCommonalities among
most training programs
oDoctoral degree- going into a program with a bachelor's degree.
oMost enter with bachelor's, some with master's degree
oRequired coursework
oThesis/dissertation
oPredoctoral internship (more information in later slides)
- WV: Licensed master's in psychology.
- About 3,000 doctoral degrees in clinical psychology are awarded each year.
Education and Training: Specialty Tracks - ANSWERIn recent decades, specialty
tracks have emerged, including:
oChild
oHealth
oForensic
oFamily
oNeuropsychology
- More than half of APA-accredited doctoral programs offer (but may not require)
training within a specialty track.
* Get a degree that allows you to get a license (go broad and then specialize).
Three Models of Training - ANSWER1. Scientist-practitioner model (or Boulder
model):Created in 1949 in boulder Colorado at a conference.Emphasized both
practice and research.Balances Clinical practice with scientific research.
a. Graduate students would need to receive training and display competence in the
application of clinical methods (assessment, psychotherapy, etc.) and the research
methods necessary to scientifically study and evaluate the field.
- These graduate programs would continue to be housed in departments of
psychology at universities, and graduates would be awarded the PhD degree.
2. Practitioner-scholar model (or Vail model): Created in 1973 at a conference in
Vail, CO. This Spends more time doing clinical work with patients rather than clinical
work and research. Leans towards clinical practice. Higher acceptance rates and
larger classes. Proliferated in recent years- Come with a PsyD rather than a PHD.
a. PsyD
, - Clinical focused internships doesn't care about APA- accredited internships. They
are not research focused.
* In the 1988 to 2001 time period alone, the number of PsyD degrees awarded
increased by more than 160%.
3. Clinical scientist model:- Emerged in the 1990's. Reaction to Vail Model. Leans
towards research. Trains researchers rather than practitioners
A. Richard McFall's 1991 "Manifesto for a Science of Clinical Psychology" sparked
this movement: The Academy of Psychological Clinical Science was founded at a
conference at Indiana University. Graduate programs who are members of the
Academy endorse McFall's views. For examples of graduate programs that adhere
to each of the three training models. Examples are also provided in subsequent
slides.
- A subset of PhD institutions who strongly endorse empiricism and science
Three Models of Training Example - ANSWERR
TP
- Theory drives both research and practice. Research to test theories.
- Theories inform our practice.
- Research influences theory and practice.
- As we research, we revise theories.
- Research also informs practice.
- Practice influences theory and research.
- Practice informs theory and research
Will lean to one part of the triangle, all three are important.
Emerging Trends in Training - ANSWERA. Technology
•Use of webcams for supervision
•Computer-based assessment (MMPI)
B.Competencies (outcome-based skills)
•Skills that a student must demonstrate
•E.g., Intervention, assessment, research, etc. (Multicultural, Group theory
competencies).
*Emphasizing competencies ensures that the students who graduate from clinical
psychology programs will not only have earned good grades on exams, papers, and
other academic tasks, but will be able to apply what they have learned as well.
Getting In: What Do Graduate Programs Prefer? - ANSWER- Know your
professional options
-Take, and earn high grades in, the appropriate undergraduate courses
- Get to know your professors
- Get research experience
- Get clinically relevant experience
- Maximize your GRE score
- Select graduate programs wisely
- Write effective personal statements
- Prepare well for admissions interviews
-Consider your long-term goals
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS(RATED A+)
"Clinical psychology" first used - ANSWER•1907 by Lightner Witmer
•Originally defined as similar to medicine, education, and sociology
Witmer was the first - ANSWERoperate a psychological clinic.
a. the first clients were
- children with behavioral or educational problems.
B. According to Witmer's definition, a clinical psychologist was a person
- whose work with others involved aspects of
1. treatment: method
2. education: Psych. education ( educate that person about diagnosis).
3. interpersonal issues: The relationship between the psychologist and person is
very important. It is critical for the relationship.
Miller and wonpo suggest that - ANSWERthe relationship between patient and
psychologist is the single best indicator if patient will get better.
Recent definitions
More Recent Definitions of Clinical psychology - ANSWER- Tremendous growth has
resulted in a very broad, hard-to-define field
A.Brief definitions emphasize the study, assessment, and treatment of people with
psychological problems
B. More detailed definitions (e.g., Division 12 of APA) are more inclusive and
descriptive
Concise definitions fall short of capturing the field in its entirety. Contemporary
clinical psychologists do many different things, with many different goals, for many
different people.
APA Division 12 Definition of Clinical Psychology - ANSWER"The field of Clinical
Psychology integrates science, theory, and practice to understand, predict, and
alleviate maladjustment, disability, and discomfort as well as to promote human
adaptation, adjustment, and personal development. Clinical Psychology focuses on
the intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behavioral aspects
of human functioning across the life span, in varying cultures, and at all
socioeconomic levels." (APA, 2012)
- An accurate, comprehensive, contemporary definition of clinical psychology needs
to be more inclusive and descriptive, such as that provided by the APA.
- The field and practitioners of clinical psychology continue to outgrow classical
definitions.
Comparison of PsyD and PhD - ANSWERA. PhD
- Emphasize practice and research
- Smaller classes
,- Lower acceptance rate
-Typically in university departments
-Offer more funding to students
- Greater success in placing students in APA-accredited internships
B. PsyD
- Emphasize practice over research
-Larger classes
-Greater acceptance rate
-Often in free-standing professional schools
-Offer less funding to students
-Less success in placing students in APA-accredited internships
Education and Training in Clinical Psychology - ANSWERCommonalities among
most training programs
oDoctoral degree- going into a program with a bachelor's degree.
oMost enter with bachelor's, some with master's degree
oRequired coursework
oThesis/dissertation
oPredoctoral internship (more information in later slides)
- WV: Licensed master's in psychology.
- About 3,000 doctoral degrees in clinical psychology are awarded each year.
Education and Training: Specialty Tracks - ANSWERIn recent decades, specialty
tracks have emerged, including:
oChild
oHealth
oForensic
oFamily
oNeuropsychology
- More than half of APA-accredited doctoral programs offer (but may not require)
training within a specialty track.
* Get a degree that allows you to get a license (go broad and then specialize).
Three Models of Training - ANSWER1. Scientist-practitioner model (or Boulder
model):Created in 1949 in boulder Colorado at a conference.Emphasized both
practice and research.Balances Clinical practice with scientific research.
a. Graduate students would need to receive training and display competence in the
application of clinical methods (assessment, psychotherapy, etc.) and the research
methods necessary to scientifically study and evaluate the field.
- These graduate programs would continue to be housed in departments of
psychology at universities, and graduates would be awarded the PhD degree.
2. Practitioner-scholar model (or Vail model): Created in 1973 at a conference in
Vail, CO. This Spends more time doing clinical work with patients rather than clinical
work and research. Leans towards clinical practice. Higher acceptance rates and
larger classes. Proliferated in recent years- Come with a PsyD rather than a PHD.
a. PsyD
, - Clinical focused internships doesn't care about APA- accredited internships. They
are not research focused.
* In the 1988 to 2001 time period alone, the number of PsyD degrees awarded
increased by more than 160%.
3. Clinical scientist model:- Emerged in the 1990's. Reaction to Vail Model. Leans
towards research. Trains researchers rather than practitioners
A. Richard McFall's 1991 "Manifesto for a Science of Clinical Psychology" sparked
this movement: The Academy of Psychological Clinical Science was founded at a
conference at Indiana University. Graduate programs who are members of the
Academy endorse McFall's views. For examples of graduate programs that adhere
to each of the three training models. Examples are also provided in subsequent
slides.
- A subset of PhD institutions who strongly endorse empiricism and science
Three Models of Training Example - ANSWERR
TP
- Theory drives both research and practice. Research to test theories.
- Theories inform our practice.
- Research influences theory and practice.
- As we research, we revise theories.
- Research also informs practice.
- Practice influences theory and research.
- Practice informs theory and research
Will lean to one part of the triangle, all three are important.
Emerging Trends in Training - ANSWERA. Technology
•Use of webcams for supervision
•Computer-based assessment (MMPI)
B.Competencies (outcome-based skills)
•Skills that a student must demonstrate
•E.g., Intervention, assessment, research, etc. (Multicultural, Group theory
competencies).
*Emphasizing competencies ensures that the students who graduate from clinical
psychology programs will not only have earned good grades on exams, papers, and
other academic tasks, but will be able to apply what they have learned as well.
Getting In: What Do Graduate Programs Prefer? - ANSWER- Know your
professional options
-Take, and earn high grades in, the appropriate undergraduate courses
- Get to know your professors
- Get research experience
- Get clinically relevant experience
- Maximize your GRE score
- Select graduate programs wisely
- Write effective personal statements
- Prepare well for admissions interviews
-Consider your long-term goals
