Page 0 of 130 Notes: Biology Class 9th
Written by: Waheed Khan M.Phil. Zoology, B.Ed.
,Page 1 of 130 Notes: Biology Class 9th
Chapter No.1
INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY
The word Biology is derived from two Greek words, Bio means Life and Logy Means Study.
A Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus used the word biology for the first time in 1736.
Biology is the science of life.
Biology has three major divisions
1. Botany: The study of plants
2. Zoology: The study of animals
3. Microbiology: The study of microorganisms like Viruses, Bacteria, Microscopic fungi etc.
Branches of Biology
1. Morphology: Morph means shape. The study of form shape and structure of organisms.
2. Anatomy: Ana means Up, Tomy means cutting. The study of internal structures of organisms.
3. Histology: Histo means Tissue. The study of composition, structure and functions of plants and
animal tissues.
4. Physiology: Physio means Function. The study of functions of different parts of organisms and
the activities occurring in them
5. Embryology: Embryo means zygote. The study of Embryo, formation of embryo and
development of new organism.
6. Taxonomy: Taxon means arrangement or classification, nomy means naming.
The study of Classification of organisms and their scientific naming.
7. Cell Biology or cytology: The study of cells and their organelles.
8. Palaeontology: Palaeonto means fossils. the study of fossils of past organisms. Palaeobotany
the fossils of plants, Palaeozoology the fossils of animals.
Written by: Waheed Khan M.Phil. Zoology, B.Ed.
,Page 2 of 130 Notes: Biology Class 9th
9. Immunology: Immuno means immunity/ immune system. the study of Immunity/ Immune
system/ security system/ Defence system
10. Entomology: Entom means notched. the study of insects.
11. Genetics: The study of transmission of characters from parents to offsprings. The unit of heredity
is gene.
12. Biotechnology: bio means life and technology (The process which enhance life) The study of
the use of living organisms for the benefits and welfare of humanity.
13. Environmental Biology or Ecology: the study of inter-relationship of organisms with their
environment.
14. Parasitology: Parasito means parasite. The study of parasites and all aspects of parasitism.
15. Socio-Biology: the study of social behaviour of some animals such as Humans, bees, Ants etc.
investigates the beneficial relationship among the animals living in the same area.
16. Pharmacology: the scientific study of drugs. Analyse the synthesis, breakdown, biological
activity, effects, and delivery of drugs.
Linkage of Biology with Other Fields of Study
1. Biophysics
To understand the biological phenomena and problems using the principles and techniques
of physics. Biophysics used in physiology, bioenergetics, neurosciences, pharmacology etc.
e.g. Photosynthesis follows the laws of physics during absorption of light.
2. Biochemistry
Concerned with chemical substances and processes occurs in living organisms. It involves
the structural analysis of the organic compounds that make up cells and those that play key
role in chemical reactions of life. e.g. Photosynthesis and respiration reactions.
3. Biogeography
The study of distribution of organisms in space and time. For example
Written by: Waheed Khan M.Phil. Zoology, B.Ed.
, Page 3 of 130 Notes: Biology Class 9th
We study that; Why polar bears are found only in certain parts of the arctic regions or Why
malaria causing mosquitos flourish in damp and warm areas.
4. Biostatistics or Biometry
The application of statistical and mathematical formulas in the study of biology. It involves
design, Analysis and interpretation of research data.
5. Bio-economics
The co-relation between biology and economics. It deals with the study of organisms from
economical point of view. In bio-economics, scientists calculate and compare the cost and
compare the cost and profit of biological projects e.g. Production of a new variety of a crop.
Careers in Biology
1. Medicine and surgery
Field of medicine is related with the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases. The field of
surgery is related with the defective parts of the body are prepared, replaced or removed.
Students may choose the field after higher secondary level.
2. Fisheries
Related to the production of fish. Fisheries managers work in fish hatcheries and study fish
habitats, nutrition requirements, genetics and diseases etc. to raise fish production. Students
may adopt the field after completing Bachelor or master degree in zoology.
3. Agriculture
Deals with the crops and livestock. It works in the agriculture department, veterinary,
pharmaceutical industries, food industries, farming, agricultural banks etc. Students may
adopt the field after completing higher secondary education.
4. Animal science
Written by: Waheed Khan M.Phil. Zoology, B.Ed.
Written by: Waheed Khan M.Phil. Zoology, B.Ed.
,Page 1 of 130 Notes: Biology Class 9th
Chapter No.1
INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY
The word Biology is derived from two Greek words, Bio means Life and Logy Means Study.
A Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus used the word biology for the first time in 1736.
Biology is the science of life.
Biology has three major divisions
1. Botany: The study of plants
2. Zoology: The study of animals
3. Microbiology: The study of microorganisms like Viruses, Bacteria, Microscopic fungi etc.
Branches of Biology
1. Morphology: Morph means shape. The study of form shape and structure of organisms.
2. Anatomy: Ana means Up, Tomy means cutting. The study of internal structures of organisms.
3. Histology: Histo means Tissue. The study of composition, structure and functions of plants and
animal tissues.
4. Physiology: Physio means Function. The study of functions of different parts of organisms and
the activities occurring in them
5. Embryology: Embryo means zygote. The study of Embryo, formation of embryo and
development of new organism.
6. Taxonomy: Taxon means arrangement or classification, nomy means naming.
The study of Classification of organisms and their scientific naming.
7. Cell Biology or cytology: The study of cells and their organelles.
8. Palaeontology: Palaeonto means fossils. the study of fossils of past organisms. Palaeobotany
the fossils of plants, Palaeozoology the fossils of animals.
Written by: Waheed Khan M.Phil. Zoology, B.Ed.
,Page 2 of 130 Notes: Biology Class 9th
9. Immunology: Immuno means immunity/ immune system. the study of Immunity/ Immune
system/ security system/ Defence system
10. Entomology: Entom means notched. the study of insects.
11. Genetics: The study of transmission of characters from parents to offsprings. The unit of heredity
is gene.
12. Biotechnology: bio means life and technology (The process which enhance life) The study of
the use of living organisms for the benefits and welfare of humanity.
13. Environmental Biology or Ecology: the study of inter-relationship of organisms with their
environment.
14. Parasitology: Parasito means parasite. The study of parasites and all aspects of parasitism.
15. Socio-Biology: the study of social behaviour of some animals such as Humans, bees, Ants etc.
investigates the beneficial relationship among the animals living in the same area.
16. Pharmacology: the scientific study of drugs. Analyse the synthesis, breakdown, biological
activity, effects, and delivery of drugs.
Linkage of Biology with Other Fields of Study
1. Biophysics
To understand the biological phenomena and problems using the principles and techniques
of physics. Biophysics used in physiology, bioenergetics, neurosciences, pharmacology etc.
e.g. Photosynthesis follows the laws of physics during absorption of light.
2. Biochemistry
Concerned with chemical substances and processes occurs in living organisms. It involves
the structural analysis of the organic compounds that make up cells and those that play key
role in chemical reactions of life. e.g. Photosynthesis and respiration reactions.
3. Biogeography
The study of distribution of organisms in space and time. For example
Written by: Waheed Khan M.Phil. Zoology, B.Ed.
, Page 3 of 130 Notes: Biology Class 9th
We study that; Why polar bears are found only in certain parts of the arctic regions or Why
malaria causing mosquitos flourish in damp and warm areas.
4. Biostatistics or Biometry
The application of statistical and mathematical formulas in the study of biology. It involves
design, Analysis and interpretation of research data.
5. Bio-economics
The co-relation between biology and economics. It deals with the study of organisms from
economical point of view. In bio-economics, scientists calculate and compare the cost and
compare the cost and profit of biological projects e.g. Production of a new variety of a crop.
Careers in Biology
1. Medicine and surgery
Field of medicine is related with the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases. The field of
surgery is related with the defective parts of the body are prepared, replaced or removed.
Students may choose the field after higher secondary level.
2. Fisheries
Related to the production of fish. Fisheries managers work in fish hatcheries and study fish
habitats, nutrition requirements, genetics and diseases etc. to raise fish production. Students
may adopt the field after completing Bachelor or master degree in zoology.
3. Agriculture
Deals with the crops and livestock. It works in the agriculture department, veterinary,
pharmaceutical industries, food industries, farming, agricultural banks etc. Students may
adopt the field after completing higher secondary education.
4. Animal science
Written by: Waheed Khan M.Phil. Zoology, B.Ed.
