ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUIZ QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

In the physical examination of an individual, factors that would evidence atherosclerotic plaque - ANSWERSArterial bruit and evidence of decreased blood flow to tissues What electrocardiogram (ECG) change would the healthcare professional assess for when a patient's myocardial infarction extends through the myocardium from the endocardium to the epicardium? - ANSWERS Pathophysiology of Angina - ANSWERSAngina pectoris is chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia. Stable angina is caused by gradual luminal narrowing and hardening of the arterial walls, so that affected vessels cannot dilate in response to increased myocardial demand associated with physical exertion or emotional stress. With rest, blood flow is restored and no necrosis of myocardial cells results. What medical term is used for a condition that results from pulmonary hypertension, creating chronic pressure overload in the right ventricle? - ANSWERSCor pulmonale Positive risk factors for coronary heart disease - ANSWERSAge, Genetics, Smoking, Excess cholesterol, Diabetes, Sedentary lifestyle What is the initiating event that leads to the development of atherosclerosis? - ANSWERSInjury to the endothelial cells that line the artery walls Amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, or glycogen storage disease usually causes which form of cardiomyopathy? - ANSWERSRestrictive A patient is diagnosed with pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Which form of heart failure may result from pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance? - ANSWERSRight heart failure In systolic heart failure, what effect does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) have on stroke volume? - ANSWERSIncreases preload and increases afterload Causes of CHF - ANSWERSCoronary artery disease. High blood pressure (hypertension) Longstanding alcohol abuse. Disorders of the disorders of the heart valves. Unknown (idiopathic) causes, such as after recovery from myocarditis Which event triggers congenital heart defects that cause acyanotic congestive heart failure? - ANSWERSLeft-to-right shunts American College of Cardiology (ACC)/ American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines classification of heart failure - ANSWERSStage A: A person has a high risk of heart failure but currently has no identifiable disorders. Stage B: A person has a structural heart disorder but is not presenting symptoms. Stage C: A person has current or prior symptoms of heart failure associated with an underlying condition. Stage D: A person currently has advanced structural heart disease, shows clear symptoms, and requires specialized medical intervention. Causes of Acute congestive heart failure - ANSWERSInfections, allergic reactions, a blood clot in your lungs, viruses that damage the heart cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, severely irregular heartbeats, heart attack Causes of chronic failure - ANSWERSCoronary artery disease and heart attack High blood pressure (hypertension). Faulty heart valves. Damage to the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy) Myocarditis congenital heart defects heart arrhythmias Chronic diseases Within a physiologic range, what does an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume (preload) result in? - ANSWERSIncrease in force of contraction Neurofibrillary tangles characterize which neurologic disorder? - ANSWERSAlzheimer disease . types of dementia is caused by an infectious agent - ANSWERSCreutzfeldt-Jaksob disease (CJD), Postencephalitic dementia & Dementia associated with HIV A patient suffers transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). TIAs are characterized by - ANSWERSBlood supply to the brain is blocked for a brief period of time, called a "ministroke". Symptoms of a TIA are like other stroke symptoms, but do not last long. For example, numbness/weakness, confusion, trouble speaking, difficulty walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination A cerebrovascular accident causing damage to which area of the brain would result in cognitive impairment? - ANSWERSFrontal lobe is responsible for cognitive functions. Pathophysiology of The use of the term "brain attack" to indicate a stroke - ANSWERSA stroke happens when a blood clot blocks blood flow to the brain. This causes brain tissue to become damaged or die. A stroke, sometimes called a brain attack, occurs when something blocks blood supply to part of the brain or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts. Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions and still return to a viable state for how many minutes? - ANSWERS20 minutes Transient ischemic attacks is..? - ANSWERSBlood supply to the brain is blocked for a brief period of time, called a "ministroke". Symptoms of a TIA are like other stroke symptoms, but do not last long. For example, numbness/weakness, confusion, trouble speaking, difficulty walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination A right hemisphere embolic CVA has resulted in left-sided paralysis and reduced sensation of the left foot and leg. Which cerebral artery is most likely affected by the emboli? - ANSWERSAnterior cerebral Atrial fibrillation, rheumatic heart disease, and valvular prosthetics are risk factors for which type of stroke? - ANSWERSEmbolic A healthcare professional is planning a community event to reduce risk of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) in high risk groups. Which group would the professional target as the priority? - ANSWERSHypertension What does a healthcare professional explain to a student about myasthenia gravis? - ANSWERSIt causes muscle weakness In which disorder are acetylcholine receptor antibodies (IgG antibodies) produced against acetylcholine receptors? - ANSWERSMyasthenia gravis Multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barré syndrome are similar in that they both - ANSWERSResult from demyelination by an immune reaction Causes of Carpal tunnel syndrome - ANSWERSCarpal tunnel syndrome is cause by pressure on the median nerve. Risk factors include wrist fracture or dislocation, female, obesity, diabetes (nerve damging conditions), pregnancy, menopause